Recycling How It Improves Our Environment free essay sample

A paper which investigates how reusing certain materials helps in improving our condition. Reusing is unquestionably in excess of a neighborhood squander the executives technique; it is additionally a significant procedure for decreasing the natural effects of mechanical creation. The paper considers the historical backdrop of waste administration and reusing and shows how it has improved throughout the years. The paper examines how the U.S. government handles reusing on a national premise and the manner in which these measures influence the regular habitat. Today in the United States, in excess of 150 million tons of strong squanders are created each year. This adds up to multiple pounds (1.4 kilograms) per individual every day. In metropolitan regions, the day by day creation of strong waste is generally higher. Inhabitants of New York City, for instance, dispose of 26,000 tons of strong waste dailyalmost 7 pounds (3.2 kilograms) for every occupant (Compton, 2000). Because of this high measure of waste, reusing has become a significant piece of ecological strategy, to a great extent because of the expanded expenses of strong and perilous waste removal, the shortage of regular assets, and the developing worry over contaminated land, water, and air. We will compose a custom paper test on Reusing: How It Improves Our Environment or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Strategic management Link between strategic planning and performance Essay

Vital administration Link between key arranging and execution - Essay Example Here vital arranging is utilized as a term to show a hierarchical dynamic procedure, which can be commonly characterized as the way toward understanding the strategic, objectives, strategies, and approaches that oversee the achievement and designation of assets to achieve authoritative destinations (Pearce et al., 1987, p. 658). The significant aim of this exposition is to contribute new logical proof on the association between vital arranging and execution, and to consider the impact of a lot of related factors on this affiliation. Mintzberg and Lampel, (1999, pp. 21-30) show that the term formal vital arranging is an expectation to communicate that an association's key arranging generally speaking procedure involves clear efficient methods used to build the support and responsibility of those main partners affected by the arrangement. Study on the relationship between key arranging and association's presentation has demonstrated uncertain. From the early inquires about it is uncovered that key arranging improved execution (Herold, 1972, p. 94). Notwithstanding, later investigations uncovered that there was no patent efficient connection between them (Shrader et al., 1984, pp. 149-171). Bresser and Bishop (1983) contended that in the event that vital arranging get immovability and supports unreasonable administration, at that point it may be called as broken. In spite of the supported essentialness of execution point... 101-109) has referenced that fixation has not been given to vital arranging and execution in experiential examination. As indicated by Greenley (1994), principally, it should upgrade the association's presentation. The fundamental guess of vital administration stresses on the arranging of an errand, points and focuses, of which association execution is a part, the act of procedures to accomplish these points and targets, and control to ensure that the objectives are cultivated. Second, the aim of vital arranging is to build the estimation of the board all over an association. Subsequently this could achieve aberrant flawlessness in execution, in spite of the fact that its viability may, positively, be lost in the multifaceted design of factors with the probability to impact execution. In any case, administrators may comprehend that it adds to adequacy, giving them an assumption of certainty and control. Vital arranging may along these lines be helpful as a procedure of the board, regardless of the presentation accomplished. Truth be told, the whole convergence of key administration develops around th e achievement of targets, which compare to aspirations for future execution. Boyd (1991, p. 355) characterizes that vital arranging is an intend to run natural strife, which has been embraced by various associations. Likewise, formal key arranging is a ceaseless administrative procedure, with various components, grasping foundation of targets and creation and evaluation of methodologies. A helpful key arranging framework makes a connection between long-extend vital targets with both mid-go and practical plans. Organizers assemble information, gauge, and casing out and construct elective future situations. Apparently, such exercises grant associations to

Whats on the horizon for the Energy Environment Concentration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Whats on the horizon for the Energy Environment Concentration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Spring has sprung and we are pumped up for a big semester. We are making some exciting improvements based on a whole lot of feedback last semester, including a student satisfaction survey, faculty consultations, a benchmarking study, and an informal internal review. For example, we are developing a more rigorous foundation for the environment track, and bolstering students  analytic proficiency  by running an excel and financial modeling workshop. We are also boosting our career support for students. Last September we launched  The Program, a pilot initiative to provide sector-specific career support in collaboration with the Office of Career Services. Part of this is encouraging students to do some soul searching about the type of future they want, and holding them accountable by requiring them to submit a pipeline of job leads monthly. Students in The Program can book one-on-one career advisory sessions with Professor Bradford, attend tailored  networking and interviewing  workshops, and participate in specialized forums to discuss challenges and resources in specific fields within the Energy Environment realm. Currently, 95 students are participating in The Program.  We are already quietly celebrating a number of students who have found fantastic jobs well before graduation. Lots of other things are in the pipeline. We cant tell you about them just yet, but stay tuned!

Analysis Of Codependent No More By Melody Beattie

An analysis of Codependent No More With the awareness of substance abuse as an illness, attention has also been directed to the families and loved ones of those who suffer. Why do families and loved ones stay with someone who is so obviously ill? Why do they tolerate being taken advantage of? One of the first books to address this issue is Codependent No More. According to the author, the issue at hand is codependency, where the individual in the relationship with the addict suffers from an illness as well. This paper is an analysis of the book compared with similar research on the topic. Summary Codependent No More, written by Melody Beattie, was initially published in 1986. In the nearly three decades following the first publication, the term â€Å"codependent† has become an important aspect of treatment for addicts and their families. Beattie first became aware of the issue of codependency while she was a counselor in the chemical dependency field. In her introduction, Beattie explains that because most of the significant others of the addicts in treatment were women, she was instructed to organize support groups for the wives, as she was one of the few females on staff. She states that her initial view of codependents was one of disdain until she realized she had become one herself. According to Beattie, a codependent is an individual who has become obsessed with controlling the behavior of another and has allowed this persons’ behavior to directly affect their ownShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Codependent No More2482 Words   |  10 Pagestaken advantage of? Codependent No More (Beattie, 1986) was one of the first books addressing this issue, stating that the issue at hand was codependency- the individual in the relationship with the addict suffers from an illness as well. This paper is an analysis of the book, compared with research on the topic. Summary Codependent No More was written by Melody Beattie and initially published in 1986. In the nearly three decades following the first publication, the term codependent has become an important

Domestic Abuse Against Women Violence And The Family

DOMESTIC ABUSE AGAINST WOMEN CSOC 502: VIOLENCE AND THE FAMILY – SPRING 2015 PROFESSOR NAME: KELLY TRAIN STUDENT NAME: DINESH GHANI STUDENT NUMBER: 500556512 DUE DATE: MONDAY JUNE 8TH, 2015 REFERENCE STYLE: APA Women abuse is a problem that plagues society in numerous ways. It is a problem that lacks proper definition in today’s society, and as a result has many misconceptions regarding the subject. It has been a problem that has been going on for centuries and has only recently been discussed as inappropriate and a disgusting act against women. The stereotypical family of a mother, father and children, loving, caring and happy with each other is always depicted on television. Real life relationships and families range from happy and loving to extreme dysfunctional in today’s society. Not every relationship and family experiences the â€Å"haven in the heartless world† (Momirov, 2011), many experience more heartless world within the family. This paper will focus on women abuse within the family. The purpose of this paper is to explore women that are victims of domestic abuse and the social structures that create the social problem women will face for the rest of their lives. This paper argues that neoliberal state policies create the social conditions that force abused women to stay in abusive relationships. This paper covers women abuse through three main parts. Part one of this essay willShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : South Africa1709 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence in South Africa Love is looked upon as a beautiful thing but within beauty lies darkness in South Africa. There is an unspoken violence against women going on within the communities of south Africa that is now coming to light; domestic violence. Husbands, not strangers or men with guns, are now the biggest threat to women in post-conflict South Africa, according to a report by the International Rescue Committee. Attacked beaten, abused, killed these are sometimes words to describeRead MoreDomestic Violence Is Now Broadly Defined As All Acts Of1586 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic violence is now broadly defined as all acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence committed by a family member or intimate partner. It has to do with a pattern of power and control exerted by partner or family member upon another. The constancy and severity of the abuse can vary however, it always has a negative impact on the relationship. The devastating impact can last for a long time crossing generations or a lifetime. The battered women movement goal was to seeRead MoreAbuse and Violence Domestic Violence1550 Words   |  7 PagesMartin  1   Tiffany  Martin   19  November,  2014   Professor  Kelli  Gilbert   Prejudice  Ã‚  Discrimination         Domestic  Violence  Ã‚         Domestic   Violence   Against   Women   is   a   global   issue   reaching   across   national   boundaries   as   well   as   socio ­economic,   cultural,   racial   and   class   distinctions.   It   is   a   problem   without    frontiers.   Not  only   is  the  problem  widely   dispersed   geographically,   but   its   incidence  is   also   extensive,  making  it  a  typical  and  accepted  behavior.  Only  recentlyRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Men and Women1449 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence against Men and Women Sandra Marable Kaplan University CM-220 Professor Freiteg May 20, 2013 Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wivesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender and Domestic Violence1010 Words   |  5 PagesGender and Domestic Violence Summary: This article discusses the relationship between gender and domestic violence. For many reasons, people commonly believe that domestic violence is more likely equal to wife abuse or woman abuse. But this prejudice is erroneous. On the one hand, because of the definition of domestic violence including dating or cohabitation and modern research finds that husbands as well as wives may be victims, domestic violence is not more likely equal to wife abuse. On the otherRead MoreWhat crime affects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime1100 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime is responsible for about 30% of female murders (Asher, Elba). Women need to comprehend the seriousness of this crime and know that there are laws to protect them so that they will not feel so helpless in any violent dispute. Domestic Violence has drastically increased over the years. Violence in the home is a concern for most. The most affected victims rather it’s emotionally or physically are women. They fall intoRead MoreDangerous Women : Why Mothers, Daughters, And The Murderers1735 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2014 Dangerous Women Larry A. Morris, a forensic psychologist with a private practice in Arizona, writes the book named Dangerous Women: Why Mothers, Daughters, and Sisters Become Stalkers, Molesters, and Murderers. This book is about exploring case studies on girls and women who committed violent crimes, including sexual crimes. The book is helping the readers to understand why girls and women commit violent crimes and to give information of domestic violence against women and children whichRead MoreSelf Reported Rates Of Screening For Domestic Violence Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesscreening for domestic violence are low even among women at higher risk of abuse. Klap, Trang, Wells, Starks and Rodrà ­guez (2007), examined 4,821 women over the age of 18 from the second wave of Healthcare communities, a nationally representative household telephone survey conducted in 2000-2001. The study provides nationally representative estimates of lifetime Self-reported domestic violence screening in health care s ettings for United States Women, described the characteristics of women who reportedRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1478 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Background of Study ​Anger and violence happen at every level in the family, which ultimately destroys the family life, and it happens with couples, parents, children and also siblings. However, females have primarily been the target of violence (Payne Wermeling, 2009). Domestic abuse is often recurring and it signifies that one partner in the relationship threatens the other psychologically, economically and sexually by harming them physically or threatening to harm themRead MoreDomestic Violence on Women in Society1730 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence on Women and girls in Society Tabinda Asghar Dow Institute of Nursing Abstract Violence alongside women and girls is a sign of previously uneven authority relations among men and women, which have led to command over and unfairness against women by men and to the avoidance of the full progression of women. These types of terrible actions against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that kills, tortures, and wound- physically, psychologically, sexually and economically

International Finance Free Essays

The nomenclature of the global economic arena Is the saying that the world Is flat and that It comes In a full circle; but where corporate power has transcended barriers and territorial borders, Terrorism remains as the bane of existence. Terrorism Is that plague that reeks In every corporate dominated land. It wasn’t Just the twin WET towers plummeting at the darted vision of terror but it was the networked failure of man’s economic progress. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The global news of today is resplendent of the clatter of bullets, the tyranny of armed tanks and most importantly, the breakthrough of man’s bestial brutality. Truncated calls, crashing stock markets, wary economists; the economic world witnessed the horror on 9/1 1, 26/11 etc. Brokers lay crestfallen, investors chose survivals over super profits; above all, the business of man failed. The first question that can be gawked on is how does the economy of the world suffer after the aftermath of a terrorist activity? In the advent of superior globalization, countries favor entry Into the markets by relying on exporting goods and services, which leads to the feasibility of rapid and broad outlook of global markets; It will also reduce the heavy dependence on high remissive physical faceless, which can offer much understandability, flexibility for reacting to unforeseeable market changes and rapid adjustments. Foreign direct Investment or FDA remains one of the key backstabbers for an aspiring global economy. Major investments in major countries of the world stand on shaky ground when such events happen in the light of the economy. When it comes to global economics, transaction costs and economies of scale, Foreign Direct Investment is a priority among financial planners, but the risky affair of dwindling between what is to e injected in the economy and what is to be exported are deemed to be worrisome. Global Markets have the trend to reprimand failure more severely than rewarding success, which have made risk minimizing strategies a pathway for business promoters and planners. The yester years before the first fatal blow of terrorism to the global business arena saw a stupendous growth of International ventures; but after the wrath experienced by the international markets: it took into concentrating of domestic affiliations and concentrations. This was evident by the fall of international monetary saving and faith. Money laundering has led to the modern day malaise of terrorism financing. Tightening money laundering laws in the United states still remain ineffective at the gawking reality of a global banking giant- HASH having fallen prey to such accusations. Hash’s banking activities in Saudi Arabia, specifically activities pertaining to referencing banking with AY Rajah Bank were brought under the radar. An investigation claimed that the Saudi bank had financed terrorist activities In purview of the September 11 investigations. In fact, it is now Infamously known as the- â€Å"Early Financial benefactor of the al- Qaeda†. Although, there was a hiatus In the banking transactions of HASH and AY Rajah bank; but both the banks have resumed their dealings. Two Bangladesh banks have been accused on salary grounds. Tighter norms and stringent Basel laws could be the trump card but the Course structures pertaining to international business have witnessed a setback in lieu of worsening international ties; it is well evident by the declining education of international studies in the United States, as per the stats relating to enrollments in International Business Courses and Foreign language courses. During the past few ears, managers have moved from the focus of proactive exploration concerning international opportunities in the global arena to a rather defensive posture that emphasizes on the vulnerability of foreign operations and global threats. The September 11 attack alone caused around 40 billion of insurance losses in USA. There was an liquidity need addressed by the federal reserve along with the delay of major global stock markets like NYSE, FETES etc. The nightmares of the Ells (Foreign institutional Investors has Just begun with the sharp shoot ups of the gold and other commodities prices. As the dollar recovered, it rather showed how the economy could have a domino effect in Just a moment of a terror attack. Although stocks recovered from the short bearish phase of the 26/11 attack in Iambi; it can’t offer a solution for the momentary involuntary losses in the global economy. The worst part is that how can a manager appropriate against such costs? The cost of human labor, wealth and resources? It is not Just the infrastructure being marred or the sabbatical day being a black day but it is the vulnerability of corporate giants in front of the tryst with terrorism. The cost born for provisioning against such losses cannot be anticipated. They can seep through any advent of the business; whether it’s the hijacked plane or the bakery which gets bombarded; the vivid imagination of terror cripples the masculinity of business. The real question that looms on every single business maker is that who is supposed to bear this impossible to inappropriate cost? The government or the various international bodies? Yes, there is indeed something scarier than the sublime crisis, and it is the sublime crisis of human empathy and brotherhood. What might seem as the biggest looming threat to the business of the world can actually be a way to fight this common malaise forever. It is the world cooperation of various international bodies and government bodies including multinational corporations to bring an end to this plaguing condition. In the face of such a terror; the rescue can only be the pooled efforts of every individual who dreams of international cooperation and benefit. Rather than basking on the indifference curve, it might be the time of our corporate lives to pull our socks even higher; so that each individual with its own competence forms the army of seamless unity and strength. How to cite International Finance, Papers International Finance Free Essays string(40) " of which are foreign-affiliated banks\." Abstract: The assignment requires one to select one major economic sector in Tanzania and †¢Evaluate the FDI’S flow and †¢the importance of FDI’s in that sector during the past 4 years. †¢Identify the likely impairing factors to FDI’s in that sector. †¢Recommend what the government should do to attract more FDI’S Method After selecting the one major economic sector which is Agricultural sector, data were requested which will provide the end results of this assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Tanzania’s Economy4 2. Evaluation of Tanzania’s FDI’s flow5 . Importance of FDI in Agriculture in the past 4 years7 †¢Capital:7 †¢Technology:8 †¢Market Access:8 4. Factors Impairing FDI’s in Tanzania8 †¢Poor Infrastructure8 †¢Capacity8 †¢Bureaucracy8 †¢Corruption9 †¢Seasonality9 †¢Access to finance9 †¢Regulatory framework9 5. Recommendation to attract more FDI’s10 6. Conclusion10 References. 12 1. Introduction: Tanzania’s Economy Tanzania is one of the world’s poorest economies in terms of per capita income, with GDP growth of average 7% per year between 2000 and 2008 on strong gold production and tourism. However, the economy heavily depends on agriculture, which accounts for more than one-fourth of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 60% of the work force. Tanzania also depends on the World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors to provide funds to rehabilitate Tanzania’s aging economic infrastructure, including rail and port infrastructure that are important trade links for inland countries. With the recent banking reforms that have helped increase private-sector growth and investment, and the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported a positive growth rate, despite the world recession. Also, in 2008, Tanzania received the world’s largest Millennium Challenge Compact grant, worth $698 million. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus and loosened monetary policy to ease the impact of the global recession. GDP growth in 2009-10 was a respectable 6% per year due to high gold prices and increased production. Tanzania’s economy was forecast to grow by 7. 2 percent in 2012, up from an estimated 6. 0 percent this year, provided weather conditions improve as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, Tanzania’s economy will grow by a median 6. 7 percent this year from 7. 0 percent last year, weighed down by chronic energy shortages, as reported by a Reuter’s poll. The median forecast by a poll of 11 analysts showed gross domestic product would rebound to 7. 1 percent next year in east Africa’s second-largest economy. The downside risks to the growth outlook emanate mostly from the power rationing that has been going on in the country. It has compelled firms to resort to less productive sources of power. The Washington-based body earlier this year cut its 2011 growth projection for Tanzania from 7. percent because of widespread power outages triggered by drought in the predominantly hydropower producing country. Africa’s fourth biggest gold producer, Tanzania mainly depends on tourism, mining and agriculture and is increasingly attracting higher investor interest in telecommunications, energy, manufacturing, financial services and transport. 2. Evaluation of Tanzania’s FDI’s flow The Government of Tanzania (GOT) generally has a favorable attitude toward foreign direct investment (FDI) and has made significant efforts to encourage foreign investment. After several years of growing FDI, new FDI declined sharply from USD 6. 68 billion in 2008 to USD 2. 3 billion in 2009. The number of new foreign projects registered at TIC dropped to 503 last year from 768 in 2008. There is no restriction in foreign exchange. Foreign investors generally receive national treatment; however, the Tourism Act of 2007 bars foreigners from engaging in some tourism-related businesses. The Dar Es Salaam Stock Exchange forbids companies with more than 60 percent foreign ownership from listing. There are no laws or regulations authorizing private firms to limit or prohibit foreign investment, participation, or control, and firms generally do not restrict foreign participation in practice. The global economic crisis had minimal impact on the Tanzanian financial sector due to its relatively low global integration, however tourist arrivals dropped up to 20 percent, new tourist projects fell by 50 percent, and FDI dropped within the natural resource sector, resulting in layoffs at gold mining firms and stalled mineral and gas exploration and development projects. The Tanzanian Investment Center (TIC), established by the Tanzanian Investment Act of 1997, is the focal point for all investors’ inquiries, screens foreign investments, and facilitates project start-ups. Filing with TIC is not mandatory, but offers incentives for joint ventures with Tanzanians and wholly owned foreign projects above USD 300,000. The review process takes up to 10 days, and involves multiple GOT agencies, which are required by law to cooperate fully with TIC in facilitating foreign investment, but in practice can create bureaucratic delays. TIC continues to improve investment facilitation services, provide joint venture opportunities between local and foreign investors, and disseminate investment information. TIC does not have specific criteria for screening or approving projects, but considers factors such as: foreign exchange generation and savings, import substitution, employment creation, linkages to the local economy, technology transfer, and expansion of production of goods and services. Among investment and trade opportunities promoted by the TIC are agriculture, mining, tourism, telecommunications, financial services, and energy and transportation infrastructure. The Economic Processing Zones Act 2006 authorized the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to augment investments in the light industry, agro-processing industry and agriculture sectors. Greenfield foreign direct investments are allowed through this legislation. The Export Processing Zones Authority continues to promote Export Processing Zones (EPZ) to attract investments in agribusiness, textiles and electronics and Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI). Investors in EPZs are eligible for tax exemptions. Investments on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) are open to foreign investors, but capped at 60 percent. Foreign investors are barred from participating in government securities. The financial sector has continued to expand, with an increase in foreign-affiliated financial institutions and banks operating in Tanzania. As of December 2009, the Bank of Tanzania listed a total of 27 commercial banks licensed and operating in Tanzania, over half of which are foreign-affiliated banks. You read "International Finance" in category "Essay examples" Competition among these foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvement in the efficiency and quality of financial services. Tanzania expected to increase foreign direct investment (FDI) by 16 percent in 2010 from $645 million last year as the global economy recovers. Foreign direct investment in 2009 dropped from $679 million the year before as a result of the global financial crisis. The FDI inflows into east Africa’s second largest economy were expected to surge to $800 million in 2011. Tanzania’s economy mainly depends on tourism, mining and agriculture. Its telecommunications, energy, manufacturing, financial services and transport sectors are attracting rising investor interest. It is expected that most of the investments in 2010/11 will focus on tourism, agriculture and telecoms. The government is implementing investment reforms to woo foreign capital. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business in the East African Community 2010 report, Tanzania fares poorly in key areas such as closing and starting a business, protecting investors, access to credit, cross border trade and issuance of construction permits. 3. Importance of FDI in Agriculture in the past 4 years Tanzania has more than 44 million hectares of arable land, and a wide variety of ecological zones, climates and water resources. The country could feed most of the East, Central and Southern African countries with food deficits. 80% of the population in Tanzania lives in rural areas and are in some way or another depending on agriculture. The agricultural sector is vital to Tanzania’s economy and therefore also to the reduction and eradication of poverty. Other advantages of FDIs in agricultural sector in Tanzania are as follows: †¢Capital: First and foremost FDI brings much needed capital to Tanzania. This helps the country to achieve rates of domestic investment higher than their domestic savings. Besides, the financial resources that FDI brings in are in long term and non-debt creating. †¢Technology: There are a number of ways in which FDI through TNCs can help develop indigenous technology. Firstly TNCs usually bring in modern technology in agriculture and practices to Tanzania and help it upgrade its existing technology. †¢Market Access: TNCs in the agricultural sector has enabled Tanzania to better exploit its comparative advantage in international trade and thus gain access to global markets. 4. Factors Impairing FDI’s in Tanzania †¢Poor Infrastructure Lack of stable power has led to power outages throughout the country. It has compelled firms to resort to less productive sources of power. These power outages triggered by drought due to high reliance in the predominantly hydropower. Another significant constraint to improving FDI in Tanzania through agriculture is poor infrastructure within Tanzania. Insufficient investment in the road network has resulted in just 4,000 kilometers of Tanzania’s 85,000 km road network being paved. Most of these unpaved roads are feeder roads in rural areas, and many routes become impassable after heavy rains. The country’s two railway systems are also unreliable, with dilapidated infrastructure and outdated rolling stock. Capacity TIC currently lacks the capacity to address the complicated and non-transparent investment clearance processes, to collect comprehensive and timely data for the research needed to facilitate both policy making and investment decision-making. †¢Bureaucracy Bureaucratic intransigence continues to pose a severe obstacle to do ing business in Tanzania as in the rest of East Africa. Investors looking to startup businesses in Tanzania often complain about the level of red tape associated with issues such as the issuance of business licenses, company registration, building permits, land certificates and taxation. Corruption Corruption is an endemic problem in Tanzania and is often cited as one of the biggest hindrances to doing business. The World Bank 2006 Enterprise Survey indicates that 49. 5% of the surveyed companies reports that they expect to make informal payments to achieve specific goals. According to the 2006 IFC-World Bank Enterprise Survey, 20% of the companies surveyed expect to give gifts or make informal payments to get an operating license, and 32% to get a construction permit. †¢Seasonality More than 75% of Tanzanian enterprises are heavily affected by seasonality, whereby farmers sell their produce when prices are lowest and buy inputs for the next cropping season when prices are highest. †¢Access to finance Most enterprises in the rural areas are small scale and engage in or rely on agriculture. Bearing the above constraint, these small enterprises have a comparatively high risk, high transaction costs and low volumes, limiting access to capital. †¢Regulatory framework The economic growth potential of investments in agricultural land is questionable due to an inadequate regulatory framework governing (FDI) in the sector. FDI in agricultural sector in Tanzania can even jeopardize local resource users land rights. In such that farmers are giving away their most valuable assets to profit-seeking entities, based on information asymmetries and persuasion. 5. Recommendation to attract more FDI’s Including the ongoing reforms to woo investments, TIC continues to improve investment facilitation services, provide joint venture opportunities between local and foreign investors, and disseminate investment information. In order to attract more FDIs in the agricultural sector and to increase productivity and high quality output, effort is needed to understand and eliminate the barriers to smallholders that inhibit the growth of productivity. The structural problems facing smallholders such as limited access to information, to input and output and financial markets need rethinking that will attract more FDI to the sector. Such an arrangement would involve smallholders being better organized in producer associations. Producer associations can improve productivity, reduce costs through supply chain linkages and improve competitiveness. They manage to do so by improving access to necessary and affordable input (technologies and credit). The second challenge is to build integration of production, transport, processing and marketing to take advantage of supply and demand value addition. Third is to ensure the introduction of innovation and knowledge on a continuing basis without subjecting members to high consultancy fees given the socio-economic conditions of smallholders. 6. Conclusion Apart from general determinants such as macroeconomic stability, efficient institutions, political stability and a good regulatory framework, the smallholder institutional setup has positive impact on FDI flow into the sector. It has been observed that crops whose smallholders are well organized attracted more FDI. An important implication of the result is that FDI to the agricultural sector is not solely driven by policies and incentives to foreign investment and that the institutional setup of smallholder farmers can play an important role in promoting investments to the sector. In the short and medium term, efforts to foster integration and creation of strong bonds between smallholders and investors through integrated producer schemes can increase FDI to the sector and thus increase productivity. Other determinants such as investment regulatory frameworks, policies that promote macroeconomic economic stability, and improved physical infrastructure also have a role to play both in the short and long run. In the long run, more FDI can be attained by developing strong institutions in all sectors. ? How to cite International Finance, Essay examples International Finance Free Essays Chapter 4 Practice Problems Percentage Depreciation †¢ Assume the spot rate of the British pound is $1. 73. The expected spot rate one year from now is assumed to be $1. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now 66. What percentage depreciation does this reflect? †¢ ($1 66 – $1 73)/$1 73 = –4. 05% ($1. 66 $1. 73)/$1. 73 4 05% Expected depreciation of 4. 05% percent Inflation Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that the U. S. inflation rate becomes high relative to Canadian inflation. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for Canadian dollars, (b) supply of Canadian dollars for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the Canadian dollar? Demand for Canadian dollars should increase, ? Supply of Canadian dollars for sale should decrease, and ? The Canadian dollar’s value should increase. 1 Interest Rate Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume U. S. interest rates fall relative to British interest rates. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for British pounds, (b) supply of pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the pound? ? Demand for pounds should increase, ? Supply of pounds for sale should dec rease, and ? The pound’s value should increase. Income Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that the U. S. income level rises at a much higher rate than does the Canadian income level. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for Canadian dollars, (b) supply of Canadian dollars for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of th Canadian dollar? f the C di d ll ? ? Assuming no effect on U. S. interest rates, demand for dollars should increase, ? Supply of dollars for sale may not be affected, and ? The dollar’s value should increase. Trade Restriction Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that the Japanese government relaxes its controls on imports by Japanese companies. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for Japanese yen, (b) supply of yen for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the yen? ? Demand for yen should not be affected, ? Supply of yen for sale should increase, and ? The value of yen should decrease. 2 Effects of Real Interest Rates †¢ What is the expected relationship between the relative real interest rates of two countries and the exchange rate of their currencies? ? The higher the real interest rate of a country relative to another country, the stronger will be its home currency, other things equal. Speculative Effects on Exchange Rates Explain why a public forecast about future interest rates could affect the value of the dollar today. Why do some forecasts by well-respected economists have no impact on today’s value of the dollar? ? Speculators can use anticipated interest rate movements to forecast exchange rate movements. ? Th may purchase f i securities b They h foreign iti because of th eir f th i expectations about currency movements, since their yield will be affected by changes in a currency’s value. ? These purchases of securities require an exchange of currencies, which can immediately affect the equilibrium value of exchange rates. It was already anticipated by market participants or is not different from investors’ original expectations. Interaction of Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that there are substantial capital flows among Canada, the U. S. , and Japan. If interest rates in Canada decline to a level below the U. S. interest rate, and inflationary expectations remain unchanged, how could this affect the value of the Canadian dollar against the U. S. dollar? ? If interest rates in Canada decline, there may be an increase in capital flows from Canada to the U. S. ? In addition, U. S. investors may attempt to capitalize on higher U. S. interest rates, while U. S. investors reduce their investments in Canada’s securities. ? This places downward pressure on the Canadian dollar’s value. 3 Interaction of Exchange Rates †¢ How might this affect the value of the Canadian dollar against the Japanese yen? ? Japanese investors that previously invested in Canada may , p shift to the U. S. Thus, the reduced flow of funds from Japan would place downward pressure on the Canadian dollar against the Japanese yen. Relative Importance of Factors Affecting Exchange Rate Risk †¢ Assume that the level of capital flows between the U. S. and the country of Krendo is negligible and will continue to be. But there is a substantial amount of trade between the U. S. and the country of Krendo. Which affect, high inflation or high interest rates will be seen in the value of the Krendo’s currency? Krendo s †¢ The inflation effect will be stronger than the interest rate effect because inflation affects trade flows. ? The high inflation should cause downward pressure on the kren. Speculation †¢ Blue Demon Bank expects that the Mexican peso will depreciate against the dollar from its spot rate of $. 5 to $. 14 in 10 days. The following interbank lending and borrowing rates exist: U. S. dollar Mexican peso Lending Rate Borrowing Rate 8. 0% 8. 3% 8. 5% 8. 7% Assume that Blue Demon Bank has a borrowing capacity of either $10 million or 70 million pesos in the interbank market, depending on which currency it wants to borrow. How could Blue Demon Bank attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposi ted funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy. 4 Speculation 1. Borrow MXP70 million 2. Convert the MXP70 million to dollars: MXP70,000,000 ? $. 15 = $10,500,000 3. Lend the dollars through the interbank market at 8. 0% annualized over a 10-day period. The amount accumulated in 10 days is: $10,500,000 ? [1 + (8% ? 10/360)] [ ] = $10,500,000 ? [1. 002222] = $10,523,333 4. Repay the peso loan. The repayment amount on the peso loan is: MXP70,000,000 ? [1 + (8. 7% ? 10/360)] = 70,000,000 ? [1. 002417] = MXP70,169,167 5. Based on the expected spot rate of $. 14, the amount of dollars needed to repay the peso loan is: MXP70,169,167 ? $. 14 = $9,823,683 6. After repaying the loan, Blue Demon Bank will have a speculative profit of: $10,523,333 – $9,823,683 = $699,650 Speculation †¢ Assume all the preceding information with this exception: Blue Demon Bank expects the peso to appreciate from its present spot rate of $. 15 to $. 17 in 30 days. How could it attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy. Speculation 1. Borrow $10 million 2. Convert the $10 million to pesos (MXP): $10,000,000/$. 15 = MXP66,666,667 3. Lend the pesos through the interbank market at 8. % annualized over a 30-day period. The amount accumulated in 30 days is: MXP66,666,667 ? [1 + (8. 5% ? 30/360)] [ ] = 66,666,667 ? [1. 007083] = MXP67,138,889 4. Repay the dollar loan. The repayment amount on the dollar loan is: $10,000,000 ? [1 + (8. 3% ? 30/360)] = $10,000,000 ? [1. 006917] = $10,069,170 5. Convert the pesos to dollars to repay the loan. The amount of dollars t o be received in 30 days (based on the expected spot rate of $. 17) is: MXP67,138,889 ? $. 17 = $11,413,611 6. The profits are (could be): $11,413,611 – $10,069,170 = $1,344,441 5 How to cite International Finance, Essay examples International Finance Free Essays string(36) " rate in the 90-day forward market\." True/False ____T__ 1. Multinational financial management requires that financial analysts consider the effects of changing currency values. __F__ 2. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Legal and economic differences among countries, although important, do NOT pose significant problems for most multinational corporations when they coordinate and control worldwide operations and subsidiaries. Comment: Legal and economic differences among countries do affect the worldwide operations and subsidiaries. ___T_ 3. When the value of the U. S. ollar appreciates against another country’s currency, we may purchase more of the foreign currency with a dollar. __T__ 4. The United States and most other major industrialized nations currently operate under a system of floating exchange rates. __F__ 5. Exchange rate quotations consist solely of direct quotations. Comment: Exchange rate quotations consist of direct and indirect quotations. __T__ 6. Calculating a currency cross rate involves determining the exchange rate for two currencies by using a third currency as a base. __T__ 7. A Eurodollar is a U. S. dollar deposited in a bank outside the United States. __F__ 8. LIBOR is an acronym for London Interbank Offer Rate, which is an average of interest rates offered by London banks to smaller U. S. corporations. Comment: LIBOR is the interest rate offered by the largest and strongest London-based banks on large deposits. __T__ 9. Exchange rate risk is the risk that the cash flows from a foreign project, when converted to the parent company’s currency, will be worth less than was originally projected because of exchange rate changes. ___F_ 10. Because political risk is seldom negotiable, it cannot be explicitly addressed in multinational corporate financial analysis. Comment: Political risk refers to potential actions by a host government that would reduce the value of a company’s investment. It includes at one extreme the expropriation without compensation of the subsidiary’s assets, but it also includes less drastic actions that reduce the value of the parent firm’s investment in the foreign subsidiary, including higher taxes, tighter repatriation or currency controls, and restrictions on prices charged. However, companies can take several steps to reduce the potential loss from expropriation: (1) finance the subsidiary with local capital, (2) structure operations so that the subsidiary has value only as a part of the integrated corporate system, and (3) obtain insurance against economic losses due to expropriation from a source such as the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). ___T_ 11. Individuals and corporations can buy or sell forward currencies to hedge their exchange rate exposure. Essentially, the process involves simultaneously selling the currency expected to appreciate in value and buying the currency expected to depreciate. __T__ 12. If an investor can obtain more of a foreign currency for a dollar in the forward market than in the spot market, then the forward currency is said to be selling at a discount to the spot rate. ___T_ 13. If a dollar will buy fewer units of a foreign currency in the forward market than in the spot market, then the forward currency is said to be selling at a premium to the spot rate. ___T_ 14. A foreign currency will, on average, depreciate against the U. S. dollar at a percentage rate approximately equal to the amount by which its inflation rate exceeds that of the United States. __F__ 15. The cash flows relevant for a foreign investment should, from the parent company’s perspective, include the financial cash flows that the subsidiary can legally send back to the parent company plus the cash flows that must remain in the foreign country. Comment: From the perspective of the parent organization, the cash flows relevant for foreign investment analysis are the cash flows that the subsidiary is actually expected to send back to the parent. _T__ 16. The cost of capital may be different for a foreign project than for an equivalent domestic project because foreign projects may be more or less risky. __T__ 17. When considering the risk of a foreign investment, a higher risk might arise from exchange rate risk and political risk while lower risk might result from international diversification. Multiple Choice e 18 Which of the followi ng are reasons why companies move into international operations? |a. |To take advantage of lower production costs in regions where labor costs are relatively low. | |b. To develop new markets for the firm’s products. | |c. |To better serve their primary customers. | |d. |Because important raw materials are located abroad. | |e. |All of the above. | ___a_ 19. Multinational financial management requires that |a. |The effects of changing currency values be included in financial analyses. | |b. |Legal and economic differences need not be considered in financial decisions because these differences are | | |insignificant. | |c. |Political risk should be excluded from multinational corporate financial analyses. | |d. Traditional U. S. and European financial models incorporating the existence of a competitive marketplace not be recast | | |when analyzing projects in other parts of the world. | |e. |Cultural differences need not be accounted for when considering firm goals and employe e management. | __a__ 20. If the inflation rate in the United States is greater than the inflation rate in Britain, other things held constant, the British pound will |a. |Appreciate against the U. S. dollar. | |b. |Depreciate against the U. S. dollar. | |c. |Remain unchanged against the U. S. dollar. |d. |Appreciate against other major currencies. | |e. |Appreciate against the dollar and other major currencies. | ___a_ 21. In Japan, 90-day securities have a 4% annualized return and 180-day securities have a 5% annualized return. In the United States, 90-day securities have a 4% annualized return and 180-day securities have an annualized return of 4. 5%. All securities are of equal risk, and Japanese securities are denominated in terms of the Japanese yen. Assuming that interest rate parity holds in all markets, which of the following statements is most CORRECT? |a. The yen-dollar spot exchange rate equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 90-day forward market. You read "Internat ional Finance" in category "Essay examples" | |b. |The yen-dollar spot exchange rate equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward market. | |c. |The yen-dollar exchange rate in the 90-day forward market equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward | | |market. | |d. |The yen-dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward market equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 90-day spot | | |market. | |e. |The relationship between spot and forward interest rates cannot be inferred. __b__ 22. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT? |a. |Any bond sold outside the country of the borrower is called an international bond. | |b. |Foreign bonds and Eurobonds are two important types of international bonds. | |c. |Foreign bonds are bonds sold by a foreign borrower but denominated in the currency of the country in which the issue is | | |sold. | |d. |The term Eurobond applies only to foreign bonds denominated in U. S. currency. | |e. |A Eurodollar is a U. S. doll ar deposited in a bank outside the U. S. | __c__ 23. Currently, a U. S. rader notes that in the 6-month forward market, the Japanese yen is selling at a premium (that is, you receive more dollars per yen in the forward market than you do in the spot market), while the British pound is selling at a discount. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? |a. |If interest rate parity holds, 6-month interest rates should be the same in the U. S. , Britain, and Japan. | |b. |If interest rate parity holds among the three countries, the United States should have the highest 6-month interest | | |rates and Japan should have the lowest rates. | |c. If interest rate parity holds among the three countries, Britain should have the highest 6-month interest rates and | | |Japan should have the lowest rates. | |d. |If interest rate parity holds among the three countries, Japan should have the highest 6-month interest rates and | | |Britain should have the lowest rates. | |e. |If interest rate pari ty holds among the three countries, the United States should have the highest 6-month interest | | |rates and Britain should have the lowest rates. | __a__ 24. Today in the spot market $1 = 1. 82 Swiss francs and $1 = 130 Japanese yen. In the 90-day forward market, $1 = 1. 84 Swiss francs and $1 = 127 Japanese yen. Assume that interest rate parity holds worldwide. Which of the following statements is most CORRECT? |a. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities are higher than the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Swiss | | |securities. | |b. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities are higher than the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Japanese | | |securities. | |c. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities equal the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Japanese securities. |d. |Since interest rate parity holds interest rates should be the same in all three countries. | |e. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities equal the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Swiss securities. | __b__ 25. If one Swiss franc can purchase $0. 85 U. S. dollars, how many Swiss francs can one U. S. dollar buy? |a. |1. 2588 | |b. |1. 1765 | |c. |1. 647 | |d. |1. 2471 | |e. |1. 0824 | __c__ 26. If one U. S. dollar buys 1. 46 Canadian dollars, how many U. S. dollars can you purchase for one Canadian dollar? |a. |0. 7123 | |b. |0. 5548 | |c. 0. 6849 | |d. |0. 5685 | |e. |0. 6781 | ___d_ 27. If one British pound can purchase $1. 90 U. S. dollars, how many British pounds can one U. S. dollar buy? |a. |0. 4947 | |b. |0. 6105 | |c. |0. 053 | |d. |0. 5263 | |e. |0. 4579 | __c__ 28. If one U. S. dollar buys 0. 72 euro, how many dollars can you purchase for one euro? |a. |1. 0417 | |b. |1. 5694 | |c. |1. 3889 | |d. 1. 2917 | |e. |1. 0556 | __e__ 29. If one U. S. dollar sells for 0. 51 British pound, how many dollars should one British pound sell for? |a. |1. 9020 | |b. |2. 2941 | |c. |1. 5294 | |d. |2. 0588 | |e. 1. 9608 | __b__ 30. Suppose 144 yen could be purchased in the foreign exchange market for one U. S. dollar today. If the yen depreciates by 23. 0% tomorrow, how many yen could one U. S. dollar buy tomorrow? |a. |136. 3824 | |b. |177. 1200 | |c. |132. 8400 | |d. |145. 384 | |e. |157. 6368 | ___e_ 31. Suppose a foreign investor who holds tax-exempt Eurobonds paying 9% is considering investing in an equivalent-risk domestic bond in a country with a 28% withholding tax on interest paid to foreigners. If 9% after-tax is the investor’s required return, what before-tax rate would the domestic bond need to pay to provide the required after-tax return? |a. |12. 88% | |b. |12. 5% | |c. |10. 63% | |d. |15. 38% | |e. |12. 50% | __a__ 32. Suppose DeGraw Corporation, a U. S. exporter, sold a solar heating station to a Japanese customer at a price of 139. 0 million yen, when the exchange rate was 140 yen per dollar. In order to close the sale, DeGraw agreed to make he bill payable in yen, thus agreeing to take some exchange rate risk for the transaction. The terms were net 6 months. If the yen fell against the dollar such that one dollar would buy 154. 4 yen when the invoice was paid, what dollar amount would DeGraw actually receive after it exchanged yen for U. S. dollars? |a. |$900,259. 07 | |b. |$711,204. 66 | |c. |$1,008,290. 6 | |d. |$954,274. 61 | |e. |$702,202. 07 | __c__ 33. Suppose the exchange rate between U. S. dollars and Swiss francs is SF 1. 41 = $1. 00, and the exchange rate between the U. S. dollar and the euro is $1. 00 = 0. 50 euros. What is the cross rate of Swiss francs to euros? |a. |2. 9046 | |b. |3. 738 | |c. |2. 8200 | |d. |2. 3970 | |e. |3. 1584 | __e__ 34. Suppose that currently, 1 British pound equals 1. 98 U. S. dollars and 1 U. S. dollar equals 1. 40 Swiss francs. How many Swiss francs are needed to purchase 1 pound? |a. |2. 3008 | |b. |3. 046 | |c. |2. 5225 | |d. |2. 8274 | |e. |2. 7720 | __c__ 35. A currency trader observes the following quotes in the spot market: |1 U. S. dollar = |1. 21 |Japanese yen | |1 British pound = |2. 25 |Swiss francs | |1 British pound = |1. 5 |U. S. dollars | Given this information, how many yen can be purchased for 1 Swiss franc? |a. |1. 0471 | |b. |1. 0382 | |c. |0. 8873 | |d. |0. 9494 | |e. |0. 6832 | __e_ 36. A currency trader observes the following quotes in the spot market: |1 U. S. dollar = |10. 875 |Mexican pesos | |1 British pound = |3. 955 |Danish krone | |1 British pound = |1. 65 |U. S. dollars | Given this information, how many Mexican pesos can be purchased for 1 Danish krone? |a. |5. 3083 | |b. |3. 6750 | |c. 5. 6259 | |d. |3. 4935 | |e. |4. 5370 | __d__ 37. If the spot rate of the Israeli shekel is 5. 51 shekels per dollar and the 180-day forward rate is 5. 97 shekels per dollar, then the forward rate for the Israeli shekel is selling at a ______________ to the spot rate. |a. |6. 09% premium | |b. 6. 76% premium | |c. |7. 51% discount | |d. |8. 35% discount | |e. |9. 18% discount | __d__ 38. Suppose one British pound can purchase 1. 82 U. S. dollars today in the foreign exchange market, and currency forecasters predict that the U. S. dollar will depreciate by 12. % against the pound over the next 30 days. How many dollars will a pound buy in 30 days? |a. |$1. 4860 | |b. |$1. 6511 | |c. |$1. 8346 | |d. |$2. 0384 | |e. |$2. 2422 | __a__ 39. Stover Corporation, a U. S. ased importer, makes a purchase of crystal glassware from a firm in Switzerland for 39,960 Swiss francs, or $24,000, at the spot rate of 1. 665 francs per dollar. The terms of the purchase are net 90 days, and the U. S. firm wants to cover this trade payable with a forward market hedge to eliminate its exchange rate risk. Suppose the firm completes a forward hedge at the 90-day forward rate of 1. 682 francs. If the spot rate in 90 days is actually 1. 665 francs, how much will the U. S. firm have saved or lost in U. S. dollars by hedging its exchange rate exposure? |a. |$242. 57 | |b. $259. 55 | |c. |$208. 61 | |d. |$213. 46 | |e. |$269. 25 | __c__ 40. Suppose a U. S. firm buys $200,000 worth of television tubes from a Mexican manufacturer for delivery in 60 days with payment to be made in 90 days (30 days after the goo ds are received). The rising U. S. deficit has caused the dollar to depreciate against the peso recently. The current exchange rate is 5. 75 pesos per U. S. dollar. The 90-day forward rate is 5. 45 pesos/dollar. The firm goes into the forward market today and buys enough Mexican pesos at the 90-day forward rate to completely cover its trade obligation. Assume the spot rate in 90 days is 5. 30 Mexican pesos per U. S. dollar. How much in U. S. dollars did the firm save by eliminating its foreign exchange currency risk with its forward market hedge? |a. |$5,088. 63 | |b. |$7,012. 38 | |c. $5,336. 85 | |d. |$6,205. 64 | |e. |$6,391. 81 | __a__ 41. Suppose 90-day investments in Britain have a 6% annualized return and a 1. 5% quarterly (90-day) return. In the U. S. , 90-day investments of similar risk have a 4% annualized return and a 1% quarterly (90-day) return. In the 90-day forward market, 1 British pound equals $1. 50. If interest rate parity holds, what is the spot exchange rate ( $/? ? |a. |$1. 5074 | |b. |$1. 4019 | |c. |$1. 4924 | |d. |$1. 5376 | |e. |$1. 7185 | ___e_ 42. Suppose hockey skates sell in Canada for 165 Canadian dollars, and 1 Canadian dollar equals 0. 71 U. S. dollars. If purchasing power parity (PPP) holds, what is the price of hockey skates in the United States? |a. |$94. 89 | |b. |$99. 58 | |c. |$113. 64 | |d. |$131. 21 | |e. |$117. 15 | __c__ 43. Suppose 6 months ago a Swiss investor bought a 6-month U. S. Treasury bill at a price of $9,708. 74, with a maturity value of $10,000. The exchange rate at that time was 1. 255 Swiss francs per dollar. Today, at maturity, the exchange rate is 1. 324 Swiss francs per dollar. What is the annualized rate of return to the Swiss investor? |a. |20. 96% | |b. |13. 17% | |c. |18. 89% | |d. |17. 33% | |e. |20. 27% | How to cite International Finance, Essay examples

Turners Syndrome Essays (712 words) - Syndromes, Genodermatoses, RTT

Turners Syndrome (Webster's definition) A chromosomal disorder resulting in a syndrome characterized by specific dysmorphic features (short stature) and organ malformations (gonadal dysgenesis) Turner's Syndrome- (Anastasia and Rosebud's def.) "It's something that makes me different from other people. It's something that I'm proud of, and ya know what? I have a pretty normal life." When I was assigned this report, I decided to do a little more than the average person does. When I was doing all of the research, I wondered what it would be like to have TS. Well, through the wondrous powers of the Internet, I was able to take a peek at TS by talking to two young women who have it. What did they have to say? Suprizingly, they were extremely open and happy. These girls were full of life and weren't letting TS get to them. Anastasia is 11(from Cincinnati, Ohio), and Rosebud (screen name) is 24, from Minnesota. Anastasia was diagnosed when she was 4 months old. She commented, "It's really not that bad once you get use to it." As a young child, she always is picked on about her shortness. However, she wanted to make it quite clear that she was only picked on about her shortness, and not her TS. Anastasia is in the 6th grade, (Caucasian) and wants to become famous. She takes GH shots to help her growth and shouted to the chat room, "I have TS...and I'm proud of it!!" Rosebud is 24, Caucasian, and single. She was diagnosed when she was 11. She comments that, "I would have to say that I've had a pretty normal life." Rose bud was never teased as a child or as an adult. Children don't really know about TS, but her playmates never made fun of her. Rose also took GH shots when she was younger to help her with the TS, but she doesn't take them anymore Turner's Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder of females (1:2500) characterized by short stature and the lack of sexual development at puberty. H.H. Turner first described this syndrome in 1938. Other physical features may include a webbed neck, heart defects, kidney abnormalities, and/or various other malformations. Normally, females have two X-chromosomes. In some cases of Turner's Syndrome, however, one X chromosomes is missing from the cells (45,X); research studies suggest that approximately 40 percent of these individuals may have some Y chromosomal material in addition to the one X chromosome. In other affected females, both X-chromosomes may be present, but one may have genetic defects. In still other cases, some cells may have the normal pair of X-chromosomes while other cells do not (45, X/46, XX mosaicism). Although the exact cause of Turner's Syndrome is not known, it is believed that the disorder may result from an error during the division (meiosis) of a parent's sex cells. In 1938 H. H. Turner first described TS. He first found out TS through sexual infantilism, webbed neck, cubitus valgus, and shortness. Then, in 1959, Ford et al recognized the chromosomal basis of syndrome. The clinical features are Classic, Newborn, and Childhood/Adolescence. In the Classic, there is short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, and lymphedema. In the Newborns, they are small for dates, lymphedema of hands and feet, and excessive skin at nape of neck. In Childhood/Adolescence, there is a 98% short stature, 95% gonadal dysgenesis, 82% high palate, 80% short neck, low hairline, 78% hypoplastic, widely-spaced nipples, 75% broad chest, cubitus valgus, nail hypoplasia, and a 70% lymphedema, prominent anomalous ears, and excessive nevi. Ways of management are supportive, surgery, and endocrine. For supportive, you should follow-up with ophthalmology, ENT, dentist, orthopedics, cardiology, urology, genetic counseling. For surgery, there is the removal of bilateral streak gonads prior to starting in 45,XO/46,XY. With endocrine there is growth, gonadal failure, fertility, and hypothyroidism. With the growth, there is a low dose of estrogen at an early age with slow progression to a higher dosage, and a combination of low dose estrogen, growth hormone, and anabolic steroid. With gonadal failure, there is a replacement with estrogen and progesterone. You must begin at the time appropriate for teenage peers, and start with a low dose estrogen for 1-2 years then progress to larger doses cycled with progesterone and then maintain with the birth control pill. With fertility, there is the oocyte donation, gamete or embryo transplant. And finally, with the hypothroidism, there is replacement therapy. TS is a female disease and is more common that one would think.

Ethical Leadership in Business Essay Sample

Ethical Leadership in Business Essay Sample Ethical Leadership in Business Essay Ethics is specific standards set within an organization to guide employees. Business decisions are made based on these standards. Hence, they affect the way companies operate and how the company interacts with its employee, customer, the community, and other shareholders. Ethical leadership plays an important role and is known to be the most important factor that promotes productivity in workplaces. Ethical leadership is associated with individual characteristics and includes honesty and trustworthiness. The importance of leadership cannot be underestimated, and the management sets the tone for every decision made within a company. Therefore, ethical leaders are considered as role models and have the ability to hold their employees accountable. Leaders are looked upon as the key decision makers; they have a huge responsibility to ensure that all stakeholders are comfortable at all times. A leader with ethical morals exercises their duty by showing good examples and treating people fairly. Ethical leaders are more like role models and take moral identity as an important element. Thus, they behave in ways that are rational and logical. Individual moral identity means having specific behavior such as caring and being compassionate. Therefore, moral identity is linked to ethical leadership, which is further related to social behavior like charity. Practicing ethical leadership is essential for those in authority because it makes a significant impact to his subordinates. Employees will behave ethically and avoid being unethical depending on the leaders’ action. Those in authority are in charge disciplining an employee who breaches any ethical code. Therefore, they lead by example. Ethical leadership emphasizes the need to acquire positive outcomes, but also obtaining these positive outcomes within specific ethical standards. In leadership, transparency plays an important role in upholding the companys image. To display ethical leadership means to set good examples for employees to enable them to follow the organization culture. It is about creating policies and code of conduct that are useful in setting straight what is expected of employees. It is important that employees feel safe within their work environment. Therefore, a conductive environment that fosters open communication is key in maintaining standard ethical practices. Whereby employees can feel free to report to the higher authority in case a senior officer behaves unethically. One way organizations promote ethical leadership is by taking seriously any complaint forwarded by the employee. Organizations also need to offer ethic training regularly to help create a better ethical environment. As part of compliance efforts, the organization needs to invite motivational speakers to help employees see the sense of practicing ethical behavior. To ensure that ethical standards are maintained. Strict punishment should be administered to those violating the ethical standard. To promote ethical standards, the old employees and new employees should be aware of the organizations code of ethics, and every employee should be aware of the organizations core values. Employees need to be guided to adopt appropriate behavior. Factors like integrity, sense of responsibility, discipline, emphasis on quality and teamwork need to be emphasized at all times. In todays world, young people are ambitious and are eager to succeed using all means. Most employees are willing to engage in any means by foregoing their ethics and moral values to achieve success. It is important that part of the organization ongoing ethical compliance employees should be aware of the values and ethics required by the company. In a nutshell, ethical leadership involves considering different factors that can affect employees and be mindful of employees. Ethical leadership is the most important element in business. Ethical leadership creates ethical workplaces thus leaders are expected to uphold certain values to maintain the integrity of the organization.

How to Punctuate with However

How to Punctuate with However How to Punctuate with â€Å"However† How to Punctuate with â€Å"However† By Mark Nichol However are you going to keep this information straight? The usage of punctuation with however may seem confusing; however, the distinctions are straightforward. However has several distinct uses. In all but one, it is an adverb a word that modifies a verb. One adverbial use is much more common and syntactically variable than the other: It can appear at any of several points in a sentence to signal that a counterpoint will follow. For example, after the sentence â€Å"My point was valid,† the following sentence might appear: â€Å"However, its significance was lost in the ensuing argument.† However can also be introduced after the subject of the sentence: â€Å"Its significance, however, was lost in the ensuing argument.† Alternatively, it can be appended to the end of the sentence as a tag: â€Å"Its significance was lost in the ensuing argument, however.† The two statements from the first paragraph could also be combined into one sentence: â€Å"My point was valid; however, its significance was lost in the ensuing argument.† (Here, too, however can be placed after the subject in the second independent clause or at the end of it.) Note that the semicolon takes the place of the period because these two statements are so closely related that they need not be segregated into separate sentences, but because however is an interjection, the comma following the word must be retained. Although one could write, following a sentence such as â€Å"He scoffed at my comment,† the statement â€Å"My point was valid, however,† a simple comma following however is incorrect if an independent clause follows. That is why â€Å"My point was valid, however, its significance was lost in the ensuing argument† is erroneous: However seems to refer to the first independent clause, but it is introducing the second one. None of the other uses of however, which are relatively rare, requires a comma: The other adverbial uses are as a synonym for â€Å"to whatever degree (or extent),† as in â€Å"I have been aware of that for however many years,† and as an intensifier equivalent to the expression â€Å"how in the world,† as in â€Å"However did you know I was going to say that?† The other use of however is as a conjunction. It can be a synonym for â€Å"no matter how,† as in â€Å"My point, however you look at it, is valid† or for â€Å"in whatever manner or way that,† as in â€Å"They will assist us however they can.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowUlterior and Alterior

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Organisations and Behaviour - Essay Example There are multiple organisational structures found both in theory and in practice. Some are rigid like public sector organisations while others are flexible like small scale private enterprises. There are many variables that affect the structure of the organisation. They include its size, age, staff, culture, geographical position and legal, commercial, social and technical environment. These factors all help to shape many organisational structures. In the basic categorisation, there are tall and flat structures. Below is the comparison of these two types. Tall Structure Flat Structure Size Usually Large Usually Medium Age Independent Independent Culture & Environment Rigid & Formal Flexible & Less Formal Geographical Position Independent Independent Hierarchy Strong Weak Span of Control Tight Loose Chain of Command Strict Loose Delegation of Authority Formal Informal Workload Reduced – Decentralised Increased Career Growth Well Defined Vague There are some other structures wh ich are combination of these two structures. The matrix structure is an example. It has different units and each one follows the tall structure independently. On the organisational level, all units form flat structure. Many organisational structures are dependent upon functional units therefore they extract the required characteristic from all types of structures. It is important to mention here that every organisation differs from other one in terms of structure. There can be variety in tall and flat structures as well. Organisational Structure of Apple The organisational structure of Apple is quite different from the ones mentioned in the literature and found in the practice. It is more like a wheel where CEO places himself at the centre. All other departments and functional units are spread around him and he the key focal of all. This structure reflects the overall leadership and operational philosophy in which Steve Jobs believed. He gave his executive team a direct access to hi mself. Through close coordination with them, he established trust and involvement. The same practise was adopted down the line and Apple won loyalty of employees. Steve’s successor disagreed with this organisational structure. His management and leadership approach is quite different from that of Steve. It is more likely that the command of Tim Cook will transform Apple into an organisational having traditional tall structure. The CEP will be at the top while the Executive Team will be next in the hierarchy and reporting to him. Since the structure is the overall design of an organisation, the functional units of Apple will become tall too. In addition to the conventional pros and cons attached with the tall structure, it is also expected that structural transformation will bring certain resistance. It is because change is naturally resisted and the employees of Apple are used to the wheel structure since long. It is also possible that command of authority may be challenged b y the employees and Apple may not expect the same performance as it was in Steve’s time. Comparison of Organisational Cultures The organisational structure influences the organisational culture. The rigid structure promotes strict and formal culture while the flexible structure is more likely seen in an informal culture. Below is the comparison of formal and informal culture that can exist in any organisation. In formal culture, the basic guideline followed throughout the

Population Health in South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Population Health in South Africa - Essay Example Any crucial health promotion effort, would therefore need a thorough knowledge of the epidemiologic factors and their distributions (Ugen, Bendinelli, and Friedman, 2002, 1-24). HIV transmission is known to occur by both homosexual and heterosexual contacts; by blood and blood products; and by infected mothers to infants either intrapartum, perinatally, or via breast milk. It has been intensely investigated since its discovery, but till date there is no evidence that HIV is transmitted by casual contact or that the virus can be spread by insects, which are commonly people's perceptions. HIV infection/AIDS is a global pandemic; every country has its share of this burden. It has been currently estimated that the number of cases of HIV infection among adults is 37 million worldwide. Unfortunately, two-thirds of whom are in sub-Saharan Africa, and about 50% of these cases are women. In addition, an estimated 2.5 million younger than age 15 children are living with HIV/AIDS. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) undertook study in 2003, and they declared there were an estimated 5 million new cases of infection worldwide. Calculating on a daily basi s, more than 14,000 new infections occur each day which ultimately lead to 3 million deaths. In this way, AIDS becomes the fourth leading cause of mortality throughout the world. The cumulative number of deaths out of AIDS and from conditions related to AIDS exceeded 20 million in the year 2003. The epidemiologic patterns of HIV occurrence in the world is in the forms of "waves", with each wave demonstrating little difference in characteristics which are determined by the demographics of a specific country or a region. It is also determined by the time when the HIV was introduced into the population. This indicates, in different regions of the world, different types of virus may be prevalent (UNAIDS/WHO, 2006, Chapter 4). Demographically and statistically, HIV/AIDS in different regions of the world provide evidence that although the epidemic was first recognized in the United States and thereafter in Western Europe, it most likely indexed in sub-Saharan Africa. The major mode of transmission of HIV worldwide is heterosexual sex unquestionably; since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic in developing countries, where the numbers of infected men and women are approximately equal, the same pattern had been particularly prevalent. Knight has computed the South African data in relation to population and HIV/AIDS in 2006. This comprehensive document highlights many interesting facts in relation to the disease burden of South Africa. These data are important since it is a fact that AIDS epidemic has had a devastating impact on Africa, particularly in South Africa. A mid 2007 data indicate the population in South Africa of 47.9 million with 51% women. Approximately 32% of this population is children of age 0 to 14 years, 5% are older, and 63% belong to age group 15-64, who are working. The burden of the disease becomes more conspicuous

Nursing Care for Acute Exacerbation of COPD

Nursing Care for Acute Exacerbation of COPD Introduction This essay is focused on the signification of health assessment throughout the nursing process of a scenario of patient (Mr Lee) who diagnosed with acute exacerbation of COPD and express how health assessment and emergency assessment help to plan a suitable nursing care for Mr Lee. Background Firstly, let’s describe of Mr. Lee’s health status. Mr. Lee, aged 70, graduated from high school, retired. He have a son and living with wife and son. He had smoking habit (2 packs / day), but had been quit recently. He also has drinking habit (2 beers per week). He has allergic history of drug – Sulfonamides. For the past history, Mr. Lee had myocardial, hypertension, left-sided heart failure and fractured ankle. He also previously diagnosed with emphysema. Mr. Lee admitted hospital with wheelchair at 23:30 hour on 23 Jan 2014 by complaint of increased cough and laboured breathing at home for past 24 hours. Pain rated 4/10 (10 is being the worst) with cough and mucus sputum. Dyspnoeic breathing, breath sounds heard on the bilateral lung field. Vital signs checked: temperature 37.3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, pulse 90/ min, respiration 22 /min, blood pressure 130/84 mmHg, SpO2: 95% on room air. Urine test results normal. General condition fair and conscious, emotion stable but showed anxious and claim had insomnia. Mr. Lee is obese: BW 84kg, Height 1.6m (BMI 32.8), he also has oedematous on both ankles (size ++). His vision and hearing are normal. Mr. Lee speaks Cantonese with clear communication. Appetite normal with denture which kept by patient, special diet: low sodium 4g should be given to patient. Elimination is normal, bowel pattern usual habit once per day. For the mobility part, Mr. Lee ambulates independently with fairly steady gait. He did not have disability but need to assist the self-care ability. Medical orders At 01:30 of 24 Jan 2014 MO (Dr Chow) went to see Mr. Lee and prescribed some medical orders as below: Prednisolone (steroid, 80mg po daily) improve respiratory function and oxygenation by reduce inflammation. However sever adverse effect may occur by taking oral steroids, such as hypertension, fluid retention, GI upset, anxious etc. Nurse need to assess and close monitor BP, in/out put, emotion and give low sodium diet for patient. Due to Mr. Lee have MI history, Aspirin (Salicylate, 80mg po daily) prescribe for inhibit platelet aggregation avoid MI relapse. Nurse need to assess coagulation function and liver function. Prescription of two bronchodilators: Atrovent (2 puffs t.i.d.) and Ventolin (2 puffs q6hr prn) are for COPD treatment by make bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. Nurse need to assess the technique of inhalation and difficulty breathing. Furosemide (diuretic, 40mg po daily) prescribe for removes the stimulus of sodium, chloride absorption because of Mr. Lee has oedematous on both ankles. This drug causing a profound increase in urine output, Nurse need to assess the in/output balance and electrolyte level. Metoprolol (Beta-blocker, 50mg po daily) causing vasodilation to treat hypertension and prevent heart attack. Nurse need to assess the BP and heart rate before given. Mr. Lee has left-sided heart failure history, MO prescribes Digoxin (cardiac glycoside, 0.125mg po daily) which help maintain normal heart rhythm and improve blood circulation. Nurse need to assess the apical rate make sure >60/min before given. To make sure the above drugs are safety administer to Me. Lee, not only notice the special precautions of each drug state as above and apply three check five right in giving medication, nurse also should give assessment for patients’ health history especially allergy history; general survey such as vital signs q4hr and p.r.n., I/O chart; physical assessment e.g. breathing pattern and follow laboratory results (CXR, CBP, R/LFT, ABG, Urinalysis), assess and detect any abnormal finding before drug given, assess the drug efficacy and side effect after receive drugs. Oxygen therapy Except oral drug, Dr Chow also prescribes oxygen to Mr. Lee with maximum 4L/min to keep pulse oximetryà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ §90%. During administering oxygen, hanging notice near Mr. Lee, let everyone know he is on oxygen therapy and the flow rate. Nurse should be awareness that COPD patients can cause respiratory depression or acidosis (pH Nurse should ensure the setting of oxygen delivery is smooth, on the right type i.e. low-flow devices; and method i.e. nasal cannula or simple mask. Assess and monitor pulse oximetry level and respiratory rate closely. Keep vision observation of presentation of Mr. Lee such as SOB. Follow the medical review and the ABG result which may affect the need and level adjustment of oxygen. Assessment of SOB Base on the chief complain of laboured breathing for Mr. Lee, nurse need to pay more attention on his clinical presentation. If patient suffering short of breath (lack of oxygen and/or excess carbon dioxide in the blood) symptoms include: breathing rate become faster and shallow, tachycardia, unable to speak long sentences, cyanosis, use accessory muscles of respiration. Patient also may have chest pain or getting confused. Besides, nurse can apply assessment tool ‘COLDSPA’ asking the symptoms of SOB as below: Character: Ask Mr. Lee to describe the difficulty breathing. Onset: Ask whether the onset of difficulty breathing is sudden or gradual. Location: Ask have chest pain or not and the manifestation and stationary or moves. Duration: Ask how long the SOB lasts, does it appear when walk or doing activities. Severity: Ask how much it bothers Mr. Lee. Pattern: Ask what cause SOB being better or worse. Associated factors: Ask is there any symptoms occur with it and does it affect patient. Physical assessment also can use to assess SOB includes four parts: Inspection to give observation of skin (shin skin, cyanosis), body weight (fat, oedema), breathing pattern (faster respiratory rate, using accessory muscles), chest wall (barrel chest). Palpation mainly focus on the degree of expansion of chest, COPD patient may symmetrically reduced lung expansion. Percussion which to tap the lung and produced sounds. Different types of sound mean the chest filled with air, fluid or solid. Mr. Lee with SOB may have full of air in the lung, the tapping sound will be hyper resonant. Auscultation is use stethoscope to listen the sound of breathing. Mr. Lee with SOB, the breath sound would be wheeze and crackles. Nursing action on N shift Base on the assessment, the nurse should keep close observation of Mr. Lee clinical presentation, pulse Oximetry and vital sign monitoring. Give Ventolin puff if patient SOB. Set NS block for used. Chart I/O for the fluid balance. Pend investigations such as CXR and blood taking as quick as possible. Important information hand over to A shift nurse The information of Mr. Lees’ health history, general survey and physical assessment and the nurse action done at night shift should be hand over to A shift nurse. Also told the nurse that Mr. Lee dyspnea at night, advise chasing lab results, suggest doctor order sputum test and Peak flow rate checking. Important health problem identification To identify the main problem of Mr. Lee, nurse need to compare the objective and subjective data of the below groups. Oxygen: (subjective data) Mr. Lee complaint dyspnoeic gradually, increase cough with mucus sputum, labored breathing at home 24hours. History of smoking 2 packs/day, quite recently. (Objective data) Mr. Lee diagnosed acute exacerbation of COPD, GC fair, dyspnea at night shift, pulse Oximetry from 95% reduce to 88%, Heart Rate from90/min increase to 110/min and Respirations are difficulty at 30/min with right lower lobe crackles and wheezing bilaterally. Fluid (subjective data) Mr. Lee have denture kept by himself, drink 2beers/week. No complaint of eating and drinking, (Objective data) He is obesity with BMI 32.8 abnormal level , there also oedematous on both ankles. At night Mo prescribe Furosemide (40mg Po QD) and offer special diet (low sodium 4g). His I/O is positive balance, NS block setup and voiding per urinal. Safety of physical and psychological (subjective data) Mr. Lees’ vision and hearing are normal, non disability but pain rated 4/10 (10 is being the worst) with cough. He also claims insomnia. (Objective data) Mr. Lee doesn’t tolerate get up to restroom need to use voiding per urinal. For mobility, he ambulates independently with fairly steady gait but self-care ability need assisted. He has hypertension history BP 130/84, Metoprolol (50mg po daily) prescribed for him. His mental stable but emotion shows anxious. He suffers dyspnea at night with Pulse Oximetry 88%, Fast Heart Rate 110/min and RR 30/min. Comparison with three groups’ data, the most important health problem for Mr. Lee is Gas Exchange, Impaired related to altered oxygen supply and the evidence already showed above. Although Mr. Lee also has excess body fluid and risk of safety problems, but the problem priority should be meet the physical needs of the patient, and then consider other levels of need. Problem of oxygen supply is immediate threat to life may cause dysnea or brain hypoxia etc, and need to take immediate action to solve it. Besides fluid retention is a symptom of acute exacerbations of COPD and anxious is related to the dyspnoeic, so if the Gas Exchange, Impaired solve, the other problems may improve. To improve Mr. Lee’s condition, A shift nurse need to have some essential assessment and measures perform for him. Give general assessment including: monitor vital sign and notice any abnormal reading which directly reflect metabolism, oxygenation and circulatory functions; Monitor O2 saturation where Mr. Lee at risk for desaturation; Assess skin colour and perfusion for development of cyanosis; Communication such as any changes in orientation and behavior. Use IPPA to check lung condition i.e. use accessory muscles, lung sound, expansion of chest, noting any signs and symptoms of SOB or airway resistance, also pay attention to breathing pattern, respiration rhythm and dept can reflex lung function such as decrease lung volume and ventilation. Nurse also can use peak expiratory flow rate to measure airflow obstruction, Follow the lab report of CXR, ABGs etc and note changes. Assess the positioning of Mr. Lee to notice any physical effort on oxygenation. Also assess patients ability to cough effectively to clear airway secretions. Note the quantity, color, and consistency of sputum. After assessments, nurse need to compare with the normal standards, noted any abnormal finding which help to give suitable measures. The measures includes keep continues assessment and monitor which state on above. Positioning of patient, eating and drinking assist avoid dehydration. Medication should be given as prescription and assess any side effect appear. Also use anxiety scale to check the emotion then give psychological care to reduce the anxiety level. The expected outcome in the A shift for Mr. Lee is free of difficulty breathing by showed as maintains pulse oximetryà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ §90%, normal ABGs result and alert responsive, reduce anxious level. However there may occur undesirable situation such as patients condition remain unchanged even become worse. In that way, nurse need to refresh the data and reassessment patient’s health condition to modify the aim and intervention to meet the need of patient. Important information hand over to B shift nurse A shift nurse should hand over the information of Mr. Lees’ health history, general survey and physical assessment, Mr. Lees’ condition in A shift and the nurse action done at A shift. In conclude nursing assessment is a process with planning, purposeful and systematic and run through hold nursing process of Mr. Lee. It helps nurses collect information to master health condition of patient. The assessment provides evidences to nurse analysis, judgment and give proper nursing care, which increase the accuracy of nursing diagnosis and the management, fit the health needs of the patient more specifically.

The al-Qaeda training manual is sobering and provocative

The al-Qaeda training manual is sobering and provocative in terms of what it says, but it is equally enlightening and relevant for what it does not say.The contents of the manual, as well as its omissions, give us a firsthand perspective of the type that has proven so elusive with regard to this particular enemy; the authors of this manual clearly did not intend for it to fall into Western hands, and the manual must be used by the West to revisit and reconsider its counterterrorism strategies, especially as they pertain to the motivations and the tactical capabilities of the enemy.While the majority of the manual focuses on the tactical minutiae of employing political violence, its first pages address the motivations of the authors, articulating their perceived grievances against the West.While the dominant Western paradigm of rational and deterable political actors have led most to focus on specific aspects of Western, and especially American, policies in the Muslim world to hypothe size about the motivations of the enemy, the training manual points more to social forces than to military or economic ones as the foundation of the Islamists’ anger.Al-Qaeda’s authors write in a disconcertingly eloquent way of â€Å"the sister believer whose clothes the criminals have stripped off†.[1]   This is clearly a somewhat overblown metaphor for the secularization of Muslims countries since the time of Ataturk.This point cannot be stressed enough; the word Palestine, that cause cà ©là ¨bre for disaffected Muslims, does not appear in this manual.   Rather they authors see themselves as being at war with the forces of secularization in the Muslim world.This leads us to the second fundamental point of al-Qaeda’s grievances: the focus on the â€Å"near enemy†.   The â€Å"near enemy† is, for al-Qaeda, every government in the Muslim world, save perhaps one or two.   These governments, in eyes of Islamists, have sold out the fai th in the interest of aping the west.This betrayal has extended from banning traditional Muslim dress to forging military and economic alliances with the United States.   The West, in turn, and the United States in particular, is the â€Å"far enemy†.   Al-Qaeda’s paradigm holds that the corrupt and illegitimate rulers of the Arab and Muslim world cling to power only due to the sponsorship of the United States.This claim is not entirely without merit, and is a common claim heard in the Arab world particularly.   To illustrate the depths of the contempt for secular Muslim governments, the manual describes them as being worse than European imperialists, a scathing indictment from such a xenophobic movement.[2]Al-Qaeda initially focused on the near enemy, but after a strategic rift within the group, which was won by Osama bin Laden, the far enemy came into the crosshairs.   The idea was that a catastrophic attack would be easier to organize and execute in an open society and that an attack in the continental United States would bring attention to their cause that they would not gain by bombing all the embassies in Africa.The 9/11 attack was al-Qaeda’s announcement of the shift from targeting the near enemy to targeting the far enemy.   When assessing the tactical details of this manual, we must keep in mind that they are clearly crafted to be implemented in a police state of the type that the near enemy has no shortage of.   We can only conclude that terrorists able to operate in closed societies will be much more capable of operating in an open society.

The Importance of Education Essay

The Importance of Education Essay From early age our parents were telling us about learning and kept highlighting the importance of the education for our future life. Why is education so important? What drives educational processes and motivates human beings to learn? Literacy and education is the window to the knowledge and progress in the modern society. The percentage of illiterate population in the country is the lost opportunity of the increase in overall knowledge and progress in particular spheres of society life. Human brain is built in a way that it develops itself by absorbing new information and transferring it through internal perception tool in order to receive unique and reasonable outcome in the shape of thoughts, emotions, conclusions and feelings. With that picture of our mind, it becomes evident that we need learning. Education is the best way to make this learning process as efficient and effective for our individual needs as possible. When I think about the drivers and motivation that makes generations after generations learn and go through long educational process, I start to believe that competition and hunting for perfection is one of the main reasons for that. Probably not everyone, but at least a vast majority of the earth population have their ambitions and vanity. In order to satisfy them, especially in modern society, it is crucial to develop means and ways to achieve superior knowledge. Another driver of education is the progress that provides us with additional opportunities to make life easier and more interesting. To adopt new technologies, people inevitably have to obtain new knowledge and at this point education plays the core role. Educational process is an essential part of our living. We learn in the family, at school, in the office and in the streets by communicating with other people. In fact, education is the process of information exchange between people in the same generations as well as between different time periods.

The Myth Of Love Laura Kipnis s Against Love - 1283 Words

The Myth of Love Laura Kipnis’s â€Å"Against Love†, and Raymond Carver’s â€Å"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love† ,brings up the issue of what is the definition of love and is love what we think it is. Love has changed in comparison to what it once was, and we now loosely use the term, but what does it truly mean, and why do we buy in to it. Kipnis’s essay develops the idea that this â€Å"mature love† is when someone can love and be loved, and she takes the position that this does not happen. Although Kipnis believes mature love is neither a realistic expectation nor a good thing to have, I claim that the idea of mature love is not bogus, because even though it is rare to find, and may even take a few tries, I believe it is possible for people to have this mature love. Unlike Kipnis too, I believe mature love can take on different forms, and doesn’t have to just be so black and white like Kipnis explains it as. According to Kipnis, mature love is not possible, and this is her definition of what she believes in unobtainable. This injunction to achieve maturity-synonymous in contemporary usage with 30-year mortgages, spreading waistlines, and monogamy-obviously finds its raison deter in modern love’s central anxiety, that structuring social contradiction the size of the San Andreas Fault: namely, the expectation that romance and sexual attraction can last a lifetime of coupled togetherness despite much hard evidence to the contrary. (403) Kipnis’s definition discussesShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced