Recycling How It Improves Our Environment free essay sample

A paper which investigates how reusing certain materials helps in improving our condition. Reusing is unquestionably in excess of a neighborhood squander the executives technique; it is additionally a significant procedure for decreasing the natural effects of mechanical creation. The paper considers the historical backdrop of waste administration and reusing and shows how it has improved throughout the years. The paper examines how the U.S. government handles reusing on a national premise and the manner in which these measures influence the regular habitat. Today in the United States, in excess of 150 million tons of strong squanders are created each year. This adds up to multiple pounds (1.4 kilograms) per individual every day. In metropolitan regions, the day by day creation of strong waste is generally higher. Inhabitants of New York City, for instance, dispose of 26,000 tons of strong waste dailyalmost 7 pounds (3.2 kilograms) for every occupant (Compton, 2000). Because of this high measure of waste, reusing has become a significant piece of ecological strategy, to a great extent because of the expanded expenses of strong and perilous waste removal, the shortage of regular assets, and the developing worry over contaminated land, water, and air. We will compose a custom paper test on Reusing: How It Improves Our Environment or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Strategic management Link between strategic planning and performance Essay

Vital administration Link between key arranging and execution - Essay Example Here vital arranging is utilized as a term to show a hierarchical dynamic procedure, which can be commonly characterized as the way toward understanding the strategic, objectives, strategies, and approaches that oversee the achievement and designation of assets to achieve authoritative destinations (Pearce et al., 1987, p. 658). The significant aim of this exposition is to contribute new logical proof on the association between vital arranging and execution, and to consider the impact of a lot of related factors on this affiliation. Mintzberg and Lampel, (1999, pp. 21-30) show that the term formal vital arranging is an expectation to communicate that an association's key arranging generally speaking procedure involves clear efficient methods used to build the support and responsibility of those main partners affected by the arrangement. Study on the relationship between key arranging and association's presentation has demonstrated uncertain. From the early inquires about it is uncovered that key arranging improved execution (Herold, 1972, p. 94). Notwithstanding, later investigations uncovered that there was no patent efficient connection between them (Shrader et al., 1984, pp. 149-171). Bresser and Bishop (1983) contended that in the event that vital arranging get immovability and supports unreasonable administration, at that point it may be called as broken. In spite of the supported essentialness of execution point... 101-109) has referenced that fixation has not been given to vital arranging and execution in experiential examination. As indicated by Greenley (1994), principally, it should upgrade the association's presentation. The fundamental guess of vital administration stresses on the arranging of an errand, points and focuses, of which association execution is a part, the act of procedures to accomplish these points and targets, and control to ensure that the objectives are cultivated. Second, the aim of vital arranging is to build the estimation of the board all over an association. Subsequently this could achieve aberrant flawlessness in execution, in spite of the fact that its viability may, positively, be lost in the multifaceted design of factors with the probability to impact execution. In any case, administrators may comprehend that it adds to adequacy, giving them an assumption of certainty and control. Vital arranging may along these lines be helpful as a procedure of the board, regardless of the presentation accomplished. Truth be told, the whole convergence of key administration develops around th e achievement of targets, which compare to aspirations for future execution. Boyd (1991, p. 355) characterizes that vital arranging is an intend to run natural strife, which has been embraced by various associations. Likewise, formal key arranging is a ceaseless administrative procedure, with various components, grasping foundation of targets and creation and evaluation of methodologies. A helpful key arranging framework makes a connection between long-extend vital targets with both mid-go and practical plans. Organizers assemble information, gauge, and casing out and construct elective future situations. Apparently, such exercises grant associations to

Whats on the horizon for the Energy Environment Concentration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Whats on the horizon for the Energy Environment Concentration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Spring has sprung and we are pumped up for a big semester. We are making some exciting improvements based on a whole lot of feedback last semester, including a student satisfaction survey, faculty consultations, a benchmarking study, and an informal internal review. For example, we are developing a more rigorous foundation for the environment track, and bolstering students  analytic proficiency  by running an excel and financial modeling workshop. We are also boosting our career support for students. Last September we launched  The Program, a pilot initiative to provide sector-specific career support in collaboration with the Office of Career Services. Part of this is encouraging students to do some soul searching about the type of future they want, and holding them accountable by requiring them to submit a pipeline of job leads monthly. Students in The Program can book one-on-one career advisory sessions with Professor Bradford, attend tailored  networking and interviewing  workshops, and participate in specialized forums to discuss challenges and resources in specific fields within the Energy Environment realm. Currently, 95 students are participating in The Program.  We are already quietly celebrating a number of students who have found fantastic jobs well before graduation. Lots of other things are in the pipeline. We cant tell you about them just yet, but stay tuned!

Analysis Of Codependent No More By Melody Beattie

An analysis of Codependent No More With the awareness of substance abuse as an illness, attention has also been directed to the families and loved ones of those who suffer. Why do families and loved ones stay with someone who is so obviously ill? Why do they tolerate being taken advantage of? One of the first books to address this issue is Codependent No More. According to the author, the issue at hand is codependency, where the individual in the relationship with the addict suffers from an illness as well. This paper is an analysis of the book compared with similar research on the topic. Summary Codependent No More, written by Melody Beattie, was initially published in 1986. In the nearly three decades following the first publication, the term â€Å"codependent† has become an important aspect of treatment for addicts and their families. Beattie first became aware of the issue of codependency while she was a counselor in the chemical dependency field. In her introduction, Beattie explains that because most of the significant others of the addicts in treatment were women, she was instructed to organize support groups for the wives, as she was one of the few females on staff. She states that her initial view of codependents was one of disdain until she realized she had become one herself. According to Beattie, a codependent is an individual who has become obsessed with controlling the behavior of another and has allowed this persons’ behavior to directly affect their ownShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Codependent No More2482 Words   |  10 Pagestaken advantage of? Codependent No More (Beattie, 1986) was one of the first books addressing this issue, stating that the issue at hand was codependency- the individual in the relationship with the addict suffers from an illness as well. This paper is an analysis of the book, compared with research on the topic. Summary Codependent No More was written by Melody Beattie and initially published in 1986. In the nearly three decades following the first publication, the term codependent has become an important

Domestic Abuse Against Women Violence And The Family

DOMESTIC ABUSE AGAINST WOMEN CSOC 502: VIOLENCE AND THE FAMILY – SPRING 2015 PROFESSOR NAME: KELLY TRAIN STUDENT NAME: DINESH GHANI STUDENT NUMBER: 500556512 DUE DATE: MONDAY JUNE 8TH, 2015 REFERENCE STYLE: APA Women abuse is a problem that plagues society in numerous ways. It is a problem that lacks proper definition in today’s society, and as a result has many misconceptions regarding the subject. It has been a problem that has been going on for centuries and has only recently been discussed as inappropriate and a disgusting act against women. The stereotypical family of a mother, father and children, loving, caring and happy with each other is always depicted on television. Real life relationships and families range from happy and loving to extreme dysfunctional in today’s society. Not every relationship and family experiences the â€Å"haven in the heartless world† (Momirov, 2011), many experience more heartless world within the family. This paper will focus on women abuse within the family. The purpose of this paper is to explore women that are victims of domestic abuse and the social structures that create the social problem women will face for the rest of their lives. This paper argues that neoliberal state policies create the social conditions that force abused women to stay in abusive relationships. This paper covers women abuse through three main parts. Part one of this essay willShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : South Africa1709 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence in South Africa Love is looked upon as a beautiful thing but within beauty lies darkness in South Africa. There is an unspoken violence against women going on within the communities of south Africa that is now coming to light; domestic violence. Husbands, not strangers or men with guns, are now the biggest threat to women in post-conflict South Africa, according to a report by the International Rescue Committee. Attacked beaten, abused, killed these are sometimes words to describeRead MoreDomestic Violence Is Now Broadly Defined As All Acts Of1586 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic violence is now broadly defined as all acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence committed by a family member or intimate partner. It has to do with a pattern of power and control exerted by partner or family member upon another. The constancy and severity of the abuse can vary however, it always has a negative impact on the relationship. The devastating impact can last for a long time crossing generations or a lifetime. The battered women movement goal was to seeRead MoreAbuse and Violence Domestic Violence1550 Words   |  7 PagesMartin  1   Tiffany  Martin   19  November,  2014   Professor  Kelli  Gilbert   Prejudice  Ã‚  Discrimination         Domestic  Violence  Ã‚         Domestic   Violence   Against   Women   is   a   global   issue   reaching   across   national   boundaries   as   well   as   socio ­economic,   cultural,   racial   and   class   distinctions.   It   is   a   problem   without    frontiers.   Not  only   is  the  problem  widely   dispersed   geographically,   but   its   incidence  is   also   extensive,  making  it  a  typical  and  accepted  behavior.  Only  recentlyRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Men and Women1449 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence against Men and Women Sandra Marable Kaplan University CM-220 Professor Freiteg May 20, 2013 Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wivesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gender and Domestic Violence1010 Words   |  5 PagesGender and Domestic Violence Summary: This article discusses the relationship between gender and domestic violence. For many reasons, people commonly believe that domestic violence is more likely equal to wife abuse or woman abuse. But this prejudice is erroneous. On the one hand, because of the definition of domestic violence including dating or cohabitation and modern research finds that husbands as well as wives may be victims, domestic violence is not more likely equal to wife abuse. On the otherRead MoreWhat crime affects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime1100 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects one to four women in the United States each year? Domestic Violence. This crime is responsible for about 30% of female murders (Asher, Elba). Women need to comprehend the seriousness of this crime and know that there are laws to protect them so that they will not feel so helpless in any violent dispute. Domestic Violence has drastically increased over the years. Violence in the home is a concern for most. The most affected victims rather it’s emotionally or physically are women. They fall intoRead MoreDangerous Women : Why Mothers, Daughters, And The Murderers1735 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2014 Dangerous Women Larry A. Morris, a forensic psychologist with a private practice in Arizona, writes the book named Dangerous Women: Why Mothers, Daughters, and Sisters Become Stalkers, Molesters, and Murderers. This book is about exploring case studies on girls and women who committed violent crimes, including sexual crimes. The book is helping the readers to understand why girls and women commit violent crimes and to give information of domestic violence against women and children whichRead MoreSelf Reported Rates Of Screening For Domestic Violence Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesscreening for domestic violence are low even among women at higher risk of abuse. Klap, Trang, Wells, Starks and Rodrà ­guez (2007), examined 4,821 women over the age of 18 from the second wave of Healthcare communities, a nationally representative household telephone survey conducted in 2000-2001. The study provides nationally representative estimates of lifetime Self-reported domestic violence screening in health care s ettings for United States Women, described the characteristics of women who reportedRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1478 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Background of Study ​Anger and violence happen at every level in the family, which ultimately destroys the family life, and it happens with couples, parents, children and also siblings. However, females have primarily been the target of violence (Payne Wermeling, 2009). Domestic abuse is often recurring and it signifies that one partner in the relationship threatens the other psychologically, economically and sexually by harming them physically or threatening to harm themRead MoreDomestic Violence on Women in Society1730 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence on Women and girls in Society Tabinda Asghar Dow Institute of Nursing Abstract Violence alongside women and girls is a sign of previously uneven authority relations among men and women, which have led to command over and unfairness against women by men and to the avoidance of the full progression of women. These types of terrible actions against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that kills, tortures, and wound- physically, psychologically, sexually and economically

International Finance Free Essays

The nomenclature of the global economic arena Is the saying that the world Is flat and that It comes In a full circle; but where corporate power has transcended barriers and territorial borders, Terrorism remains as the bane of existence. Terrorism Is that plague that reeks In every corporate dominated land. It wasn’t Just the twin WET towers plummeting at the darted vision of terror but it was the networked failure of man’s economic progress. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The global news of today is resplendent of the clatter of bullets, the tyranny of armed tanks and most importantly, the breakthrough of man’s bestial brutality. Truncated calls, crashing stock markets, wary economists; the economic world witnessed the horror on 9/1 1, 26/11 etc. Brokers lay crestfallen, investors chose survivals over super profits; above all, the business of man failed. The first question that can be gawked on is how does the economy of the world suffer after the aftermath of a terrorist activity? In the advent of superior globalization, countries favor entry Into the markets by relying on exporting goods and services, which leads to the feasibility of rapid and broad outlook of global markets; It will also reduce the heavy dependence on high remissive physical faceless, which can offer much understandability, flexibility for reacting to unforeseeable market changes and rapid adjustments. Foreign direct Investment or FDA remains one of the key backstabbers for an aspiring global economy. Major investments in major countries of the world stand on shaky ground when such events happen in the light of the economy. When it comes to global economics, transaction costs and economies of scale, Foreign Direct Investment is a priority among financial planners, but the risky affair of dwindling between what is to e injected in the economy and what is to be exported are deemed to be worrisome. Global Markets have the trend to reprimand failure more severely than rewarding success, which have made risk minimizing strategies a pathway for business promoters and planners. The yester years before the first fatal blow of terrorism to the global business arena saw a stupendous growth of International ventures; but after the wrath experienced by the international markets: it took into concentrating of domestic affiliations and concentrations. This was evident by the fall of international monetary saving and faith. Money laundering has led to the modern day malaise of terrorism financing. Tightening money laundering laws in the United states still remain ineffective at the gawking reality of a global banking giant- HASH having fallen prey to such accusations. Hash’s banking activities in Saudi Arabia, specifically activities pertaining to referencing banking with AY Rajah Bank were brought under the radar. An investigation claimed that the Saudi bank had financed terrorist activities In purview of the September 11 investigations. In fact, it is now Infamously known as the- â€Å"Early Financial benefactor of the al- Qaeda†. Although, there was a hiatus In the banking transactions of HASH and AY Rajah bank; but both the banks have resumed their dealings. Two Bangladesh banks have been accused on salary grounds. Tighter norms and stringent Basel laws could be the trump card but the Course structures pertaining to international business have witnessed a setback in lieu of worsening international ties; it is well evident by the declining education of international studies in the United States, as per the stats relating to enrollments in International Business Courses and Foreign language courses. During the past few ears, managers have moved from the focus of proactive exploration concerning international opportunities in the global arena to a rather defensive posture that emphasizes on the vulnerability of foreign operations and global threats. The September 11 attack alone caused around 40 billion of insurance losses in USA. There was an liquidity need addressed by the federal reserve along with the delay of major global stock markets like NYSE, FETES etc. The nightmares of the Ells (Foreign institutional Investors has Just begun with the sharp shoot ups of the gold and other commodities prices. As the dollar recovered, it rather showed how the economy could have a domino effect in Just a moment of a terror attack. Although stocks recovered from the short bearish phase of the 26/11 attack in Iambi; it can’t offer a solution for the momentary involuntary losses in the global economy. The worst part is that how can a manager appropriate against such costs? The cost of human labor, wealth and resources? It is not Just the infrastructure being marred or the sabbatical day being a black day but it is the vulnerability of corporate giants in front of the tryst with terrorism. The cost born for provisioning against such losses cannot be anticipated. They can seep through any advent of the business; whether it’s the hijacked plane or the bakery which gets bombarded; the vivid imagination of terror cripples the masculinity of business. The real question that looms on every single business maker is that who is supposed to bear this impossible to inappropriate cost? The government or the various international bodies? Yes, there is indeed something scarier than the sublime crisis, and it is the sublime crisis of human empathy and brotherhood. What might seem as the biggest looming threat to the business of the world can actually be a way to fight this common malaise forever. It is the world cooperation of various international bodies and government bodies including multinational corporations to bring an end to this plaguing condition. In the face of such a terror; the rescue can only be the pooled efforts of every individual who dreams of international cooperation and benefit. Rather than basking on the indifference curve, it might be the time of our corporate lives to pull our socks even higher; so that each individual with its own competence forms the army of seamless unity and strength. How to cite International Finance, Papers International Finance Free Essays string(40) " of which are foreign-affiliated banks\." Abstract: The assignment requires one to select one major economic sector in Tanzania and †¢Evaluate the FDI’S flow and †¢the importance of FDI’s in that sector during the past 4 years. †¢Identify the likely impairing factors to FDI’s in that sector. †¢Recommend what the government should do to attract more FDI’S Method After selecting the one major economic sector which is Agricultural sector, data were requested which will provide the end results of this assignment. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Tanzania’s Economy4 2. Evaluation of Tanzania’s FDI’s flow5 . Importance of FDI in Agriculture in the past 4 years7 †¢Capital:7 †¢Technology:8 †¢Market Access:8 4. Factors Impairing FDI’s in Tanzania8 †¢Poor Infrastructure8 †¢Capacity8 †¢Bureaucracy8 †¢Corruption9 †¢Seasonality9 †¢Access to finance9 †¢Regulatory framework9 5. Recommendation to attract more FDI’s10 6. Conclusion10 References. 12 1. Introduction: Tanzania’s Economy Tanzania is one of the world’s poorest economies in terms of per capita income, with GDP growth of average 7% per year between 2000 and 2008 on strong gold production and tourism. However, the economy heavily depends on agriculture, which accounts for more than one-fourth of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs about 60% of the work force. Tanzania also depends on the World Bank, the IMF, and bilateral donors to provide funds to rehabilitate Tanzania’s aging economic infrastructure, including rail and port infrastructure that are important trade links for inland countries. With the recent banking reforms that have helped increase private-sector growth and investment, and the government has increased spending on agriculture to 7% of its budget. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported a positive growth rate, despite the world recession. Also, in 2008, Tanzania received the world’s largest Millennium Challenge Compact grant, worth $698 million. Dar es Salaam used fiscal stimulus and loosened monetary policy to ease the impact of the global recession. GDP growth in 2009-10 was a respectable 6% per year due to high gold prices and increased production. Tanzania’s economy was forecast to grow by 7. 2 percent in 2012, up from an estimated 6. 0 percent this year, provided weather conditions improve as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, Tanzania’s economy will grow by a median 6. 7 percent this year from 7. 0 percent last year, weighed down by chronic energy shortages, as reported by a Reuter’s poll. The median forecast by a poll of 11 analysts showed gross domestic product would rebound to 7. 1 percent next year in east Africa’s second-largest economy. The downside risks to the growth outlook emanate mostly from the power rationing that has been going on in the country. It has compelled firms to resort to less productive sources of power. The Washington-based body earlier this year cut its 2011 growth projection for Tanzania from 7. percent because of widespread power outages triggered by drought in the predominantly hydropower producing country. Africa’s fourth biggest gold producer, Tanzania mainly depends on tourism, mining and agriculture and is increasingly attracting higher investor interest in telecommunications, energy, manufacturing, financial services and transport. 2. Evaluation of Tanzania’s FDI’s flow The Government of Tanzania (GOT) generally has a favorable attitude toward foreign direct investment (FDI) and has made significant efforts to encourage foreign investment. After several years of growing FDI, new FDI declined sharply from USD 6. 68 billion in 2008 to USD 2. 3 billion in 2009. The number of new foreign projects registered at TIC dropped to 503 last year from 768 in 2008. There is no restriction in foreign exchange. Foreign investors generally receive national treatment; however, the Tourism Act of 2007 bars foreigners from engaging in some tourism-related businesses. The Dar Es Salaam Stock Exchange forbids companies with more than 60 percent foreign ownership from listing. There are no laws or regulations authorizing private firms to limit or prohibit foreign investment, participation, or control, and firms generally do not restrict foreign participation in practice. The global economic crisis had minimal impact on the Tanzanian financial sector due to its relatively low global integration, however tourist arrivals dropped up to 20 percent, new tourist projects fell by 50 percent, and FDI dropped within the natural resource sector, resulting in layoffs at gold mining firms and stalled mineral and gas exploration and development projects. The Tanzanian Investment Center (TIC), established by the Tanzanian Investment Act of 1997, is the focal point for all investors’ inquiries, screens foreign investments, and facilitates project start-ups. Filing with TIC is not mandatory, but offers incentives for joint ventures with Tanzanians and wholly owned foreign projects above USD 300,000. The review process takes up to 10 days, and involves multiple GOT agencies, which are required by law to cooperate fully with TIC in facilitating foreign investment, but in practice can create bureaucratic delays. TIC continues to improve investment facilitation services, provide joint venture opportunities between local and foreign investors, and disseminate investment information. TIC does not have specific criteria for screening or approving projects, but considers factors such as: foreign exchange generation and savings, import substitution, employment creation, linkages to the local economy, technology transfer, and expansion of production of goods and services. Among investment and trade opportunities promoted by the TIC are agriculture, mining, tourism, telecommunications, financial services, and energy and transportation infrastructure. The Economic Processing Zones Act 2006 authorized the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to augment investments in the light industry, agro-processing industry and agriculture sectors. Greenfield foreign direct investments are allowed through this legislation. The Export Processing Zones Authority continues to promote Export Processing Zones (EPZ) to attract investments in agribusiness, textiles and electronics and Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI). Investors in EPZs are eligible for tax exemptions. Investments on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) are open to foreign investors, but capped at 60 percent. Foreign investors are barred from participating in government securities. The financial sector has continued to expand, with an increase in foreign-affiliated financial institutions and banks operating in Tanzania. As of December 2009, the Bank of Tanzania listed a total of 27 commercial banks licensed and operating in Tanzania, over half of which are foreign-affiliated banks. You read "International Finance" in category "Essay examples" Competition among these foreign commercial banks has resulted in significant improvement in the efficiency and quality of financial services. Tanzania expected to increase foreign direct investment (FDI) by 16 percent in 2010 from $645 million last year as the global economy recovers. Foreign direct investment in 2009 dropped from $679 million the year before as a result of the global financial crisis. The FDI inflows into east Africa’s second largest economy were expected to surge to $800 million in 2011. Tanzania’s economy mainly depends on tourism, mining and agriculture. Its telecommunications, energy, manufacturing, financial services and transport sectors are attracting rising investor interest. It is expected that most of the investments in 2010/11 will focus on tourism, agriculture and telecoms. The government is implementing investment reforms to woo foreign capital. According to the World Bank’s Doing Business in the East African Community 2010 report, Tanzania fares poorly in key areas such as closing and starting a business, protecting investors, access to credit, cross border trade and issuance of construction permits. 3. Importance of FDI in Agriculture in the past 4 years Tanzania has more than 44 million hectares of arable land, and a wide variety of ecological zones, climates and water resources. The country could feed most of the East, Central and Southern African countries with food deficits. 80% of the population in Tanzania lives in rural areas and are in some way or another depending on agriculture. The agricultural sector is vital to Tanzania’s economy and therefore also to the reduction and eradication of poverty. Other advantages of FDIs in agricultural sector in Tanzania are as follows: †¢Capital: First and foremost FDI brings much needed capital to Tanzania. This helps the country to achieve rates of domestic investment higher than their domestic savings. Besides, the financial resources that FDI brings in are in long term and non-debt creating. †¢Technology: There are a number of ways in which FDI through TNCs can help develop indigenous technology. Firstly TNCs usually bring in modern technology in agriculture and practices to Tanzania and help it upgrade its existing technology. †¢Market Access: TNCs in the agricultural sector has enabled Tanzania to better exploit its comparative advantage in international trade and thus gain access to global markets. 4. Factors Impairing FDI’s in Tanzania †¢Poor Infrastructure Lack of stable power has led to power outages throughout the country. It has compelled firms to resort to less productive sources of power. These power outages triggered by drought due to high reliance in the predominantly hydropower. Another significant constraint to improving FDI in Tanzania through agriculture is poor infrastructure within Tanzania. Insufficient investment in the road network has resulted in just 4,000 kilometers of Tanzania’s 85,000 km road network being paved. Most of these unpaved roads are feeder roads in rural areas, and many routes become impassable after heavy rains. The country’s two railway systems are also unreliable, with dilapidated infrastructure and outdated rolling stock. Capacity TIC currently lacks the capacity to address the complicated and non-transparent investment clearance processes, to collect comprehensive and timely data for the research needed to facilitate both policy making and investment decision-making. †¢Bureaucracy Bureaucratic intransigence continues to pose a severe obstacle to do ing business in Tanzania as in the rest of East Africa. Investors looking to startup businesses in Tanzania often complain about the level of red tape associated with issues such as the issuance of business licenses, company registration, building permits, land certificates and taxation. Corruption Corruption is an endemic problem in Tanzania and is often cited as one of the biggest hindrances to doing business. The World Bank 2006 Enterprise Survey indicates that 49. 5% of the surveyed companies reports that they expect to make informal payments to achieve specific goals. According to the 2006 IFC-World Bank Enterprise Survey, 20% of the companies surveyed expect to give gifts or make informal payments to get an operating license, and 32% to get a construction permit. †¢Seasonality More than 75% of Tanzanian enterprises are heavily affected by seasonality, whereby farmers sell their produce when prices are lowest and buy inputs for the next cropping season when prices are highest. †¢Access to finance Most enterprises in the rural areas are small scale and engage in or rely on agriculture. Bearing the above constraint, these small enterprises have a comparatively high risk, high transaction costs and low volumes, limiting access to capital. †¢Regulatory framework The economic growth potential of investments in agricultural land is questionable due to an inadequate regulatory framework governing (FDI) in the sector. FDI in agricultural sector in Tanzania can even jeopardize local resource users land rights. In such that farmers are giving away their most valuable assets to profit-seeking entities, based on information asymmetries and persuasion. 5. Recommendation to attract more FDI’s Including the ongoing reforms to woo investments, TIC continues to improve investment facilitation services, provide joint venture opportunities between local and foreign investors, and disseminate investment information. In order to attract more FDIs in the agricultural sector and to increase productivity and high quality output, effort is needed to understand and eliminate the barriers to smallholders that inhibit the growth of productivity. The structural problems facing smallholders such as limited access to information, to input and output and financial markets need rethinking that will attract more FDI to the sector. Such an arrangement would involve smallholders being better organized in producer associations. Producer associations can improve productivity, reduce costs through supply chain linkages and improve competitiveness. They manage to do so by improving access to necessary and affordable input (technologies and credit). The second challenge is to build integration of production, transport, processing and marketing to take advantage of supply and demand value addition. Third is to ensure the introduction of innovation and knowledge on a continuing basis without subjecting members to high consultancy fees given the socio-economic conditions of smallholders. 6. Conclusion Apart from general determinants such as macroeconomic stability, efficient institutions, political stability and a good regulatory framework, the smallholder institutional setup has positive impact on FDI flow into the sector. It has been observed that crops whose smallholders are well organized attracted more FDI. An important implication of the result is that FDI to the agricultural sector is not solely driven by policies and incentives to foreign investment and that the institutional setup of smallholder farmers can play an important role in promoting investments to the sector. In the short and medium term, efforts to foster integration and creation of strong bonds between smallholders and investors through integrated producer schemes can increase FDI to the sector and thus increase productivity. Other determinants such as investment regulatory frameworks, policies that promote macroeconomic economic stability, and improved physical infrastructure also have a role to play both in the short and long run. In the long run, more FDI can be attained by developing strong institutions in all sectors. ? How to cite International Finance, Essay examples International Finance Free Essays Chapter 4 Practice Problems Percentage Depreciation †¢ Assume the spot rate of the British pound is $1. 73. The expected spot rate one year from now is assumed to be $1. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now 66. What percentage depreciation does this reflect? †¢ ($1 66 – $1 73)/$1 73 = –4. 05% ($1. 66 $1. 73)/$1. 73 4 05% Expected depreciation of 4. 05% percent Inflation Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that the U. S. inflation rate becomes high relative to Canadian inflation. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for Canadian dollars, (b) supply of Canadian dollars for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the Canadian dollar? Demand for Canadian dollars should increase, ? Supply of Canadian dollars for sale should decrease, and ? The Canadian dollar’s value should increase. 1 Interest Rate Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume U. S. interest rates fall relative to British interest rates. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for British pounds, (b) supply of pounds for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the pound? ? Demand for pounds should increase, ? Supply of pounds for sale should dec rease, and ? The pound’s value should increase. Income Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that the U. S. income level rises at a much higher rate than does the Canadian income level. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for Canadian dollars, (b) supply of Canadian dollars for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of th Canadian dollar? f the C di d ll ? ? Assuming no effect on U. S. interest rates, demand for dollars should increase, ? Supply of dollars for sale may not be affected, and ? The dollar’s value should increase. Trade Restriction Effects on Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that the Japanese government relaxes its controls on imports by Japanese companies. Other things being equal, how should this affect the (a) U. S. demand for Japanese yen, (b) supply of yen for sale, and (c) equilibrium value of the yen? ? Demand for yen should not be affected, ? Supply of yen for sale should increase, and ? The value of yen should decrease. 2 Effects of Real Interest Rates †¢ What is the expected relationship between the relative real interest rates of two countries and the exchange rate of their currencies? ? The higher the real interest rate of a country relative to another country, the stronger will be its home currency, other things equal. Speculative Effects on Exchange Rates Explain why a public forecast about future interest rates could affect the value of the dollar today. Why do some forecasts by well-respected economists have no impact on today’s value of the dollar? ? Speculators can use anticipated interest rate movements to forecast exchange rate movements. ? Th may purchase f i securities b They h foreign iti because of th eir f th i expectations about currency movements, since their yield will be affected by changes in a currency’s value. ? These purchases of securities require an exchange of currencies, which can immediately affect the equilibrium value of exchange rates. It was already anticipated by market participants or is not different from investors’ original expectations. Interaction of Exchange Rates †¢ Assume that there are substantial capital flows among Canada, the U. S. , and Japan. If interest rates in Canada decline to a level below the U. S. interest rate, and inflationary expectations remain unchanged, how could this affect the value of the Canadian dollar against the U. S. dollar? ? If interest rates in Canada decline, there may be an increase in capital flows from Canada to the U. S. ? In addition, U. S. investors may attempt to capitalize on higher U. S. interest rates, while U. S. investors reduce their investments in Canada’s securities. ? This places downward pressure on the Canadian dollar’s value. 3 Interaction of Exchange Rates †¢ How might this affect the value of the Canadian dollar against the Japanese yen? ? Japanese investors that previously invested in Canada may , p shift to the U. S. Thus, the reduced flow of funds from Japan would place downward pressure on the Canadian dollar against the Japanese yen. Relative Importance of Factors Affecting Exchange Rate Risk †¢ Assume that the level of capital flows between the U. S. and the country of Krendo is negligible and will continue to be. But there is a substantial amount of trade between the U. S. and the country of Krendo. Which affect, high inflation or high interest rates will be seen in the value of the Krendo’s currency? Krendo s †¢ The inflation effect will be stronger than the interest rate effect because inflation affects trade flows. ? The high inflation should cause downward pressure on the kren. Speculation †¢ Blue Demon Bank expects that the Mexican peso will depreciate against the dollar from its spot rate of $. 5 to $. 14 in 10 days. The following interbank lending and borrowing rates exist: U. S. dollar Mexican peso Lending Rate Borrowing Rate 8. 0% 8. 3% 8. 5% 8. 7% Assume that Blue Demon Bank has a borrowing capacity of either $10 million or 70 million pesos in the interbank market, depending on which currency it wants to borrow. How could Blue Demon Bank attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposi ted funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy. 4 Speculation 1. Borrow MXP70 million 2. Convert the MXP70 million to dollars: MXP70,000,000 ? $. 15 = $10,500,000 3. Lend the dollars through the interbank market at 8. 0% annualized over a 10-day period. The amount accumulated in 10 days is: $10,500,000 ? [1 + (8% ? 10/360)] [ ] = $10,500,000 ? [1. 002222] = $10,523,333 4. Repay the peso loan. The repayment amount on the peso loan is: MXP70,000,000 ? [1 + (8. 7% ? 10/360)] = 70,000,000 ? [1. 002417] = MXP70,169,167 5. Based on the expected spot rate of $. 14, the amount of dollars needed to repay the peso loan is: MXP70,169,167 ? $. 14 = $9,823,683 6. After repaying the loan, Blue Demon Bank will have a speculative profit of: $10,523,333 – $9,823,683 = $699,650 Speculation †¢ Assume all the preceding information with this exception: Blue Demon Bank expects the peso to appreciate from its present spot rate of $. 15 to $. 17 in 30 days. How could it attempt to capitalize on its expectations without using deposited funds? Estimate the profits that could be generated from this strategy. Speculation 1. Borrow $10 million 2. Convert the $10 million to pesos (MXP): $10,000,000/$. 15 = MXP66,666,667 3. Lend the pesos through the interbank market at 8. % annualized over a 30-day period. The amount accumulated in 30 days is: MXP66,666,667 ? [1 + (8. 5% ? 30/360)] [ ] = 66,666,667 ? [1. 007083] = MXP67,138,889 4. Repay the dollar loan. The repayment amount on the dollar loan is: $10,000,000 ? [1 + (8. 3% ? 30/360)] = $10,000,000 ? [1. 006917] = $10,069,170 5. Convert the pesos to dollars to repay the loan. The amount of dollars t o be received in 30 days (based on the expected spot rate of $. 17) is: MXP67,138,889 ? $. 17 = $11,413,611 6. The profits are (could be): $11,413,611 – $10,069,170 = $1,344,441 5 How to cite International Finance, Essay examples International Finance Free Essays string(36) " rate in the 90-day forward market\." True/False ____T__ 1. Multinational financial management requires that financial analysts consider the effects of changing currency values. __F__ 2. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Legal and economic differences among countries, although important, do NOT pose significant problems for most multinational corporations when they coordinate and control worldwide operations and subsidiaries. Comment: Legal and economic differences among countries do affect the worldwide operations and subsidiaries. ___T_ 3. When the value of the U. S. ollar appreciates against another country’s currency, we may purchase more of the foreign currency with a dollar. __T__ 4. The United States and most other major industrialized nations currently operate under a system of floating exchange rates. __F__ 5. Exchange rate quotations consist solely of direct quotations. Comment: Exchange rate quotations consist of direct and indirect quotations. __T__ 6. Calculating a currency cross rate involves determining the exchange rate for two currencies by using a third currency as a base. __T__ 7. A Eurodollar is a U. S. dollar deposited in a bank outside the United States. __F__ 8. LIBOR is an acronym for London Interbank Offer Rate, which is an average of interest rates offered by London banks to smaller U. S. corporations. Comment: LIBOR is the interest rate offered by the largest and strongest London-based banks on large deposits. __T__ 9. Exchange rate risk is the risk that the cash flows from a foreign project, when converted to the parent company’s currency, will be worth less than was originally projected because of exchange rate changes. ___F_ 10. Because political risk is seldom negotiable, it cannot be explicitly addressed in multinational corporate financial analysis. Comment: Political risk refers to potential actions by a host government that would reduce the value of a company’s investment. It includes at one extreme the expropriation without compensation of the subsidiary’s assets, but it also includes less drastic actions that reduce the value of the parent firm’s investment in the foreign subsidiary, including higher taxes, tighter repatriation or currency controls, and restrictions on prices charged. However, companies can take several steps to reduce the potential loss from expropriation: (1) finance the subsidiary with local capital, (2) structure operations so that the subsidiary has value only as a part of the integrated corporate system, and (3) obtain insurance against economic losses due to expropriation from a source such as the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC). ___T_ 11. Individuals and corporations can buy or sell forward currencies to hedge their exchange rate exposure. Essentially, the process involves simultaneously selling the currency expected to appreciate in value and buying the currency expected to depreciate. __T__ 12. If an investor can obtain more of a foreign currency for a dollar in the forward market than in the spot market, then the forward currency is said to be selling at a discount to the spot rate. ___T_ 13. If a dollar will buy fewer units of a foreign currency in the forward market than in the spot market, then the forward currency is said to be selling at a premium to the spot rate. ___T_ 14. A foreign currency will, on average, depreciate against the U. S. dollar at a percentage rate approximately equal to the amount by which its inflation rate exceeds that of the United States. __F__ 15. The cash flows relevant for a foreign investment should, from the parent company’s perspective, include the financial cash flows that the subsidiary can legally send back to the parent company plus the cash flows that must remain in the foreign country. Comment: From the perspective of the parent organization, the cash flows relevant for foreign investment analysis are the cash flows that the subsidiary is actually expected to send back to the parent. _T__ 16. The cost of capital may be different for a foreign project than for an equivalent domestic project because foreign projects may be more or less risky. __T__ 17. When considering the risk of a foreign investment, a higher risk might arise from exchange rate risk and political risk while lower risk might result from international diversification. Multiple Choice e 18 Which of the followi ng are reasons why companies move into international operations? |a. |To take advantage of lower production costs in regions where labor costs are relatively low. | |b. To develop new markets for the firm’s products. | |c. |To better serve their primary customers. | |d. |Because important raw materials are located abroad. | |e. |All of the above. | ___a_ 19. Multinational financial management requires that |a. |The effects of changing currency values be included in financial analyses. | |b. |Legal and economic differences need not be considered in financial decisions because these differences are | | |insignificant. | |c. |Political risk should be excluded from multinational corporate financial analyses. | |d. Traditional U. S. and European financial models incorporating the existence of a competitive marketplace not be recast | | |when analyzing projects in other parts of the world. | |e. |Cultural differences need not be accounted for when considering firm goals and employe e management. | __a__ 20. If the inflation rate in the United States is greater than the inflation rate in Britain, other things held constant, the British pound will |a. |Appreciate against the U. S. dollar. | |b. |Depreciate against the U. S. dollar. | |c. |Remain unchanged against the U. S. dollar. |d. |Appreciate against other major currencies. | |e. |Appreciate against the dollar and other major currencies. | ___a_ 21. In Japan, 90-day securities have a 4% annualized return and 180-day securities have a 5% annualized return. In the United States, 90-day securities have a 4% annualized return and 180-day securities have an annualized return of 4. 5%. All securities are of equal risk, and Japanese securities are denominated in terms of the Japanese yen. Assuming that interest rate parity holds in all markets, which of the following statements is most CORRECT? |a. The yen-dollar spot exchange rate equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 90-day forward market. You read "Internat ional Finance" in category "Essay examples" | |b. |The yen-dollar spot exchange rate equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward market. | |c. |The yen-dollar exchange rate in the 90-day forward market equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward | | |market. | |d. |The yen-dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward market equals the yen-dollar exchange rate in the 90-day spot | | |market. | |e. |The relationship between spot and forward interest rates cannot be inferred. __b__ 22. Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT? |a. |Any bond sold outside the country of the borrower is called an international bond. | |b. |Foreign bonds and Eurobonds are two important types of international bonds. | |c. |Foreign bonds are bonds sold by a foreign borrower but denominated in the currency of the country in which the issue is | | |sold. | |d. |The term Eurobond applies only to foreign bonds denominated in U. S. currency. | |e. |A Eurodollar is a U. S. doll ar deposited in a bank outside the U. S. | __c__ 23. Currently, a U. S. rader notes that in the 6-month forward market, the Japanese yen is selling at a premium (that is, you receive more dollars per yen in the forward market than you do in the spot market), while the British pound is selling at a discount. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? |a. |If interest rate parity holds, 6-month interest rates should be the same in the U. S. , Britain, and Japan. | |b. |If interest rate parity holds among the three countries, the United States should have the highest 6-month interest | | |rates and Japan should have the lowest rates. | |c. If interest rate parity holds among the three countries, Britain should have the highest 6-month interest rates and | | |Japan should have the lowest rates. | |d. |If interest rate parity holds among the three countries, Japan should have the highest 6-month interest rates and | | |Britain should have the lowest rates. | |e. |If interest rate pari ty holds among the three countries, the United States should have the highest 6-month interest | | |rates and Britain should have the lowest rates. | __a__ 24. Today in the spot market $1 = 1. 82 Swiss francs and $1 = 130 Japanese yen. In the 90-day forward market, $1 = 1. 84 Swiss francs and $1 = 127 Japanese yen. Assume that interest rate parity holds worldwide. Which of the following statements is most CORRECT? |a. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities are higher than the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Swiss | | |securities. | |b. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities are higher than the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Japanese | | |securities. | |c. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities equal the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Japanese securities. |d. |Since interest rate parity holds interest rates should be the same in all three countries. | |e. |Interest rates on 90-day risk-free U. S. securities equal the interest rates on 90-day risk-free Swiss securities. | __b__ 25. If one Swiss franc can purchase $0. 85 U. S. dollars, how many Swiss francs can one U. S. dollar buy? |a. |1. 2588 | |b. |1. 1765 | |c. |1. 647 | |d. |1. 2471 | |e. |1. 0824 | __c__ 26. If one U. S. dollar buys 1. 46 Canadian dollars, how many U. S. dollars can you purchase for one Canadian dollar? |a. |0. 7123 | |b. |0. 5548 | |c. 0. 6849 | |d. |0. 5685 | |e. |0. 6781 | ___d_ 27. If one British pound can purchase $1. 90 U. S. dollars, how many British pounds can one U. S. dollar buy? |a. |0. 4947 | |b. |0. 6105 | |c. |0. 053 | |d. |0. 5263 | |e. |0. 4579 | __c__ 28. If one U. S. dollar buys 0. 72 euro, how many dollars can you purchase for one euro? |a. |1. 0417 | |b. |1. 5694 | |c. |1. 3889 | |d. 1. 2917 | |e. |1. 0556 | __e__ 29. If one U. S. dollar sells for 0. 51 British pound, how many dollars should one British pound sell for? |a. |1. 9020 | |b. |2. 2941 | |c. |1. 5294 | |d. |2. 0588 | |e. 1. 9608 | __b__ 30. Suppose 144 yen could be purchased in the foreign exchange market for one U. S. dollar today. If the yen depreciates by 23. 0% tomorrow, how many yen could one U. S. dollar buy tomorrow? |a. |136. 3824 | |b. |177. 1200 | |c. |132. 8400 | |d. |145. 384 | |e. |157. 6368 | ___e_ 31. Suppose a foreign investor who holds tax-exempt Eurobonds paying 9% is considering investing in an equivalent-risk domestic bond in a country with a 28% withholding tax on interest paid to foreigners. If 9% after-tax is the investor’s required return, what before-tax rate would the domestic bond need to pay to provide the required after-tax return? |a. |12. 88% | |b. |12. 5% | |c. |10. 63% | |d. |15. 38% | |e. |12. 50% | __a__ 32. Suppose DeGraw Corporation, a U. S. exporter, sold a solar heating station to a Japanese customer at a price of 139. 0 million yen, when the exchange rate was 140 yen per dollar. In order to close the sale, DeGraw agreed to make he bill payable in yen, thus agreeing to take some exchange rate risk for the transaction. The terms were net 6 months. If the yen fell against the dollar such that one dollar would buy 154. 4 yen when the invoice was paid, what dollar amount would DeGraw actually receive after it exchanged yen for U. S. dollars? |a. |$900,259. 07 | |b. |$711,204. 66 | |c. |$1,008,290. 6 | |d. |$954,274. 61 | |e. |$702,202. 07 | __c__ 33. Suppose the exchange rate between U. S. dollars and Swiss francs is SF 1. 41 = $1. 00, and the exchange rate between the U. S. dollar and the euro is $1. 00 = 0. 50 euros. What is the cross rate of Swiss francs to euros? |a. |2. 9046 | |b. |3. 738 | |c. |2. 8200 | |d. |2. 3970 | |e. |3. 1584 | __e__ 34. Suppose that currently, 1 British pound equals 1. 98 U. S. dollars and 1 U. S. dollar equals 1. 40 Swiss francs. How many Swiss francs are needed to purchase 1 pound? |a. |2. 3008 | |b. |3. 046 | |c. |2. 5225 | |d. |2. 8274 | |e. |2. 7720 | __c__ 35. A currency trader observes the following quotes in the spot market: |1 U. S. dollar = |1. 21 |Japanese yen | |1 British pound = |2. 25 |Swiss francs | |1 British pound = |1. 5 |U. S. dollars | Given this information, how many yen can be purchased for 1 Swiss franc? |a. |1. 0471 | |b. |1. 0382 | |c. |0. 8873 | |d. |0. 9494 | |e. |0. 6832 | __e_ 36. A currency trader observes the following quotes in the spot market: |1 U. S. dollar = |10. 875 |Mexican pesos | |1 British pound = |3. 955 |Danish krone | |1 British pound = |1. 65 |U. S. dollars | Given this information, how many Mexican pesos can be purchased for 1 Danish krone? |a. |5. 3083 | |b. |3. 6750 | |c. 5. 6259 | |d. |3. 4935 | |e. |4. 5370 | __d__ 37. If the spot rate of the Israeli shekel is 5. 51 shekels per dollar and the 180-day forward rate is 5. 97 shekels per dollar, then the forward rate for the Israeli shekel is selling at a ______________ to the spot rate. |a. |6. 09% premium | |b. 6. 76% premium | |c. |7. 51% discount | |d. |8. 35% discount | |e. |9. 18% discount | __d__ 38. Suppose one British pound can purchase 1. 82 U. S. dollars today in the foreign exchange market, and currency forecasters predict that the U. S. dollar will depreciate by 12. % against the pound over the next 30 days. How many dollars will a pound buy in 30 days? |a. |$1. 4860 | |b. |$1. 6511 | |c. |$1. 8346 | |d. |$2. 0384 | |e. |$2. 2422 | __a__ 39. Stover Corporation, a U. S. ased importer, makes a purchase of crystal glassware from a firm in Switzerland for 39,960 Swiss francs, or $24,000, at the spot rate of 1. 665 francs per dollar. The terms of the purchase are net 90 days, and the U. S. firm wants to cover this trade payable with a forward market hedge to eliminate its exchange rate risk. Suppose the firm completes a forward hedge at the 90-day forward rate of 1. 682 francs. If the spot rate in 90 days is actually 1. 665 francs, how much will the U. S. firm have saved or lost in U. S. dollars by hedging its exchange rate exposure? |a. |$242. 57 | |b. $259. 55 | |c. |$208. 61 | |d. |$213. 46 | |e. |$269. 25 | __c__ 40. Suppose a U. S. firm buys $200,000 worth of television tubes from a Mexican manufacturer for delivery in 60 days with payment to be made in 90 days (30 days after the goo ds are received). The rising U. S. deficit has caused the dollar to depreciate against the peso recently. The current exchange rate is 5. 75 pesos per U. S. dollar. The 90-day forward rate is 5. 45 pesos/dollar. The firm goes into the forward market today and buys enough Mexican pesos at the 90-day forward rate to completely cover its trade obligation. Assume the spot rate in 90 days is 5. 30 Mexican pesos per U. S. dollar. How much in U. S. dollars did the firm save by eliminating its foreign exchange currency risk with its forward market hedge? |a. |$5,088. 63 | |b. |$7,012. 38 | |c. $5,336. 85 | |d. |$6,205. 64 | |e. |$6,391. 81 | __a__ 41. Suppose 90-day investments in Britain have a 6% annualized return and a 1. 5% quarterly (90-day) return. In the U. S. , 90-day investments of similar risk have a 4% annualized return and a 1% quarterly (90-day) return. In the 90-day forward market, 1 British pound equals $1. 50. If interest rate parity holds, what is the spot exchange rate ( $/? ? |a. |$1. 5074 | |b. |$1. 4019 | |c. |$1. 4924 | |d. |$1. 5376 | |e. |$1. 7185 | ___e_ 42. Suppose hockey skates sell in Canada for 165 Canadian dollars, and 1 Canadian dollar equals 0. 71 U. S. dollars. If purchasing power parity (PPP) holds, what is the price of hockey skates in the United States? |a. |$94. 89 | |b. |$99. 58 | |c. |$113. 64 | |d. |$131. 21 | |e. |$117. 15 | __c__ 43. Suppose 6 months ago a Swiss investor bought a 6-month U. S. Treasury bill at a price of $9,708. 74, with a maturity value of $10,000. The exchange rate at that time was 1. 255 Swiss francs per dollar. Today, at maturity, the exchange rate is 1. 324 Swiss francs per dollar. What is the annualized rate of return to the Swiss investor? |a. |20. 96% | |b. |13. 17% | |c. |18. 89% | |d. |17. 33% | |e. |20. 27% | How to cite International Finance, Essay examples

Turners Syndrome Essays (712 words) - Syndromes, Genodermatoses, RTT

Turners Syndrome (Webster's definition) A chromosomal disorder resulting in a syndrome characterized by specific dysmorphic features (short stature) and organ malformations (gonadal dysgenesis) Turner's Syndrome- (Anastasia and Rosebud's def.) "It's something that makes me different from other people. It's something that I'm proud of, and ya know what? I have a pretty normal life." When I was assigned this report, I decided to do a little more than the average person does. When I was doing all of the research, I wondered what it would be like to have TS. Well, through the wondrous powers of the Internet, I was able to take a peek at TS by talking to two young women who have it. What did they have to say? Suprizingly, they were extremely open and happy. These girls were full of life and weren't letting TS get to them. Anastasia is 11(from Cincinnati, Ohio), and Rosebud (screen name) is 24, from Minnesota. Anastasia was diagnosed when she was 4 months old. She commented, "It's really not that bad once you get use to it." As a young child, she always is picked on about her shortness. However, she wanted to make it quite clear that she was only picked on about her shortness, and not her TS. Anastasia is in the 6th grade, (Caucasian) and wants to become famous. She takes GH shots to help her growth and shouted to the chat room, "I have TS...and I'm proud of it!!" Rosebud is 24, Caucasian, and single. She was diagnosed when she was 11. She comments that, "I would have to say that I've had a pretty normal life." Rose bud was never teased as a child or as an adult. Children don't really know about TS, but her playmates never made fun of her. Rose also took GH shots when she was younger to help her with the TS, but she doesn't take them anymore Turner's Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder of females (1:2500) characterized by short stature and the lack of sexual development at puberty. H.H. Turner first described this syndrome in 1938. Other physical features may include a webbed neck, heart defects, kidney abnormalities, and/or various other malformations. Normally, females have two X-chromosomes. In some cases of Turner's Syndrome, however, one X chromosomes is missing from the cells (45,X); research studies suggest that approximately 40 percent of these individuals may have some Y chromosomal material in addition to the one X chromosome. In other affected females, both X-chromosomes may be present, but one may have genetic defects. In still other cases, some cells may have the normal pair of X-chromosomes while other cells do not (45, X/46, XX mosaicism). Although the exact cause of Turner's Syndrome is not known, it is believed that the disorder may result from an error during the division (meiosis) of a parent's sex cells. In 1938 H. H. Turner first described TS. He first found out TS through sexual infantilism, webbed neck, cubitus valgus, and shortness. Then, in 1959, Ford et al recognized the chromosomal basis of syndrome. The clinical features are Classic, Newborn, and Childhood/Adolescence. In the Classic, there is short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, and lymphedema. In the Newborns, they are small for dates, lymphedema of hands and feet, and excessive skin at nape of neck. In Childhood/Adolescence, there is a 98% short stature, 95% gonadal dysgenesis, 82% high palate, 80% short neck, low hairline, 78% hypoplastic, widely-spaced nipples, 75% broad chest, cubitus valgus, nail hypoplasia, and a 70% lymphedema, prominent anomalous ears, and excessive nevi. Ways of management are supportive, surgery, and endocrine. For supportive, you should follow-up with ophthalmology, ENT, dentist, orthopedics, cardiology, urology, genetic counseling. For surgery, there is the removal of bilateral streak gonads prior to starting in 45,XO/46,XY. With endocrine there is growth, gonadal failure, fertility, and hypothyroidism. With the growth, there is a low dose of estrogen at an early age with slow progression to a higher dosage, and a combination of low dose estrogen, growth hormone, and anabolic steroid. With gonadal failure, there is a replacement with estrogen and progesterone. You must begin at the time appropriate for teenage peers, and start with a low dose estrogen for 1-2 years then progress to larger doses cycled with progesterone and then maintain with the birth control pill. With fertility, there is the oocyte donation, gamete or embryo transplant. And finally, with the hypothroidism, there is replacement therapy. TS is a female disease and is more common that one would think.